英语新闻语篇中的元话语分析.docx

英语新闻语篇中的元话语分析.docx

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英语新闻语篇中的元话语分析

编号

本科生毕业论文

英语新闻语篇中的元话语分析

TheAnalysisofMetadiscourseinEnglishNews

学生姓名

专业

学号

指导教师

分院

2013年6月

Abstract

ThetermmetadiscoursewascoinedbyZelligHarrisin1959toofferawayofunderstandinglanguageinuse,representingawriter’sorspeaker’sattemptstoguideareceiver’sperceptionofatext.Thenmanyscholars,suchasWilliams,VandeKopple,Crismore,Hyland,proposeddifferentdefinitionsandclassificationsofmetadiscourse.Crismoreclaimsin1989thatinanyformoflanguagecommunication,twolevelsofdiscourseareinvolved:

theprimarydiscourselevelandthemetadiscourselevel.Metadiscourseis“discourseaboutdiscourse”.Itdoesnotaddpropositionalmeaningtothecontent,butreferstotheaspectsofatextwhichexplicitlyorganizethediscourse,expressthewriter’sattitudeandengagethereaderinthecommunicativeinteraction.TherealsohavemetadiscoursecharacteristicsinEnglishNews.ThemetadiscourseplayanimportantroleinEnglishNews.ThispaperwillresearchtheclassificationsandfunctionsofmetadiscourseinEnglishNews.ThepaperhopestohelpreadersandlanguagelearnerstohaveabetterunderstandingofnewsreportingsothatreaderscanappreciateEnglishnewsmorethoroughly.Meanwhile,italsoprovidesarichresourceforfuturerelativewritingforthosejournalists.

Keywords：

metadiscourse；EnglishNews；classifications；functions

摘要

1959年Harris提出“元话语”这个术语，指理解语言使用、表示作者或说话人引导受众理解语篇的一种方法。

此后，Williams、VandeKopple、Crismore、Hyland等多名学者对元话语做出研究并对元话语的定义和分类提出不同的观点。

1989年Crismore提出话语包括两个层面，基本话语和元话语。

元话语是关于话语的话语，它不是语篇的命题内容，而是指在语篇中用于组织语篇结构，表达作者态度并与读者进行交流的显性语言机制。

新闻语篇中也有元话语特征,元话语在新闻语篇中发挥着重要的作用。

本文研究新闻语篇中的元话语的种类及功能。

本文旨在帮助广大读者及语言学习者更好的理解英语新闻,欣赏其语言;同时,帮助新闻写作者提高写作水平并为今后的研究提供参考。

关键词：

元话语英语新闻;分类；功能

Contents

1.Introduction……………………………….………………………………………......1

2.EnglishNews...................................................................................................................3

2.1DefinitionofNews....................................................................................................3

2.2FeaturesofNews......................................................................................................3

2.2.1Timeliness..........................................................................................................3

2.2.2Impact................................................................................................................4

2.2.3Prominence........................................................................................................4

2.2.4Proximity...........................................................................................................4

2.2.5Uniqueness........................................................................................................4

2.2.6Interest..............................................................................................................4

2.3ClassificationofNews.............................................................................................5

2.4PreviousStudiesonEnglishNews.........................................................................5

3.Aboutmetadiscourse....................................................................................................7

3.1Definitionsofmetadiscourse..................................................................................7

3.2Classificationsofmetadiscourse............................................................................8

3.2.1Lautamatti’sclassification............................................................................8

3.2.2VandeKopple’sclassification.......................................................................8

3.2.3Hyland’sclassifications................................................................................9

3.3PreviousTheoreticalStudiesonMetadiscourse.................................................11

3.3.1CommunicativeApproach.............................................................................11

3.3.2SociolinguisticApproach...............................................................................12

3.3.3PsycholinguisticApproach............................................................................12

3.3.4RhetoricalApproach.....................................................................................13

3.3.5Functional-PragmaticApproach..................................................................13

3.4EmpiricalStudiesofMetadiscourse...................................................................14

4.MetadiscourseinEnglishNews................................................................................16

4.1TransitionMarkers..............................................................................................16

4.2Framemarkers.....................................................................................................17

4.3Endophoricmarkers............................................................................................17

4.4Evidentialsandcodeglosses...............................................................................18

4.5Attitudemarkers..................................................................................................18

4.6Engagementmarkers..........................................................................................19

4.7Sumupofthefunctions.......................................................................................20

5.Conclusion..................................................................................................................23

References......................................................................................................................24

Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................25

1.Introduction

ThetermmetadiscoursewascoinedbyZelligHarrisin1959toofferawayofunderstandinglanguageinuse,representingawriter’sorspeaker’sattemptstoguideareceiver’sperceptionofatext.TheconceptwasfurtherdevelopedbyscholarssuchasWilliams,VandeKopple,CrimoreandHyland.Intheviewoflinguists,metadiscourseisapersuasivedevicethatcanhaveimportanteffectonthehearerorreader.Differentscholarshavedifferentdefinitionsandclassificationsofmetadiscourse.HylandemploysThompsonandThetela’sdistinctionbetweeninteractiveandinteractionalresourcestoclassifymetadiscourse.Heproposesan“interpersonalmodelofmetadiscourse”whichincludestwomajorcategories,theinteractivemetadiscourseandinteractionalmetadiscourse.Theinteractivemetadiscoursehelpstoguidethereaderthroughthetext,includingtransitions,framemarkers,endophoricmarkers,evidentialandcodeglosses,whiletheinteractionalmetadiscourseinvolvesthereaderinthetext,includinghedges,boosters,attitudemarkers,selfmentionsandengagementmarkers.Thispaperiscomposedofthefollowingparts.Attheverybeginningofthepaper,ittellsthedefinitionandthefunctionofthemetadiscourse,italsotellstheclassificationsofmetadiscourse.Secondly,itgivesthebriefintroductionofEnglishNews.Nextcomestheforthpartofthepaper,whichgivesadetailedrevealoftheuseofmetadiscourseinEnglishnews.Inthefifthpartofthispaper,authorwillgiveadetailedconclusionaboutthefunctionsofmetadiscourseinEnglishnews.Thenthenextpartwouldbetheconclusionpartofthewholepaper.

2.EnglishNews

2.1DefinitionofNews

Withregardtothequestion"whatisnews?

"countlessscholarshaveseriouslygivenmanydifferentanswerstoit.AspecificdefinitionbyBittner（1986）tellsthatthe"NEWS"canbesplitintofourletters,whichstandforthefourdirections:

North,East,WestandSouth.Ithasshownclearlywhatisnews,thatis,thingsspringingupeverywherearoundtheworld.Thereisawell-knownsayingfromB.Bogart,thedirectorofNewYorkSun:

"It’snotnewswhenadogbitesaman,butabsolutelynewswhenyoufindamanbitesadog."Thisman-bites-dogdefinitionseemstobeabsurd,butfullyillustratesoneofthewidelyacceptednewsvalues,thatis,theunusual,bizarrenatureofarecentlyhappenedevent.

ManyChinesescholarsalsoprovidetheirunderstandingofnews.ThegenerallyacceptedandmostinfluentialoneisgivenbyLuDingyi,whodefinesnewsasthereportofwhathashappenedrecently.Thedefinitionsuccessfullypointsoutthecrucialofnews——theobjectofnewsisfacts,whichmusthaverecentlyhappened.Furthermore,byputtingemphasisonthereporting,thisdefinitionalsoconfinesnewstothescopeofmassmedia（Xu,2003）.

2.2FeaturesofNews

Newsusuallycontainssomebasicelementswhichfunctiontomakeaneventorincidentvaluabletobereported.InEnglishnews,therearesomeguidestodeterminewhateventsaresounusualandwhatinformationissonecessarythatthepublicshouldbeinformedof.Theseprimaryguidesthatdeterminenewstobewortharecallednewsvalues,orsaynewsfeatures.Andtherearesixfeaturesofnews.

2.2.1Timeliness

Timelinessmeansthatnewseventsmustbeimmediateandrecent.Eventsshouldbereportedasquicklyaspossiblebecausereadersalwayswanttoknowthelatesthappeningsaroundthem.Theshorterthetimeintervalbetweenevents’happeningandreportingis,thegreaterthenewsvaluesare,andthefresherthenewscontentsare.Nomatterhowsignificanttheeventandhowimportantthepeopleinvolved,newsvaluediminisheswithtime.

2.2.2Impact

Impactisalsocalledimportanceorsignificance.Itmeansthatonlyiftheeventsbearacloserelationwiththepublic,especiallywith