上海市各高中名校届高三英语题型分类专题汇编阅读理解C篇.docx
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上海市各高中名校届高三英语题型分类专题汇编阅读理解C篇
上海市各高中名校2019届高三英语题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解C篇
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Publicdistrustofscientistsstemsinpartfromtheblurringofboundariesbetweenscienceandtechnology,betweendiscoveryandmanufacture.Mostgovernments,perhapsallgovernments,justifypublicexpenditureonscientificresearchintermsoftheeconomicbenefitsthescientificenterprisehasbroughtinthepastandwillbringinthefuture.Politiciansremindtheirvotersofthesplendidmachines“ourscientists”haveinvented,thenewdrugstorelieveolddisorders,andthenewsurgicalequipmentandtechniquesbywhichpreviouslyunmanageableconditionsmaynowbetreatedandlivessaved.Atthesametime,thepoliticiansdemandofscientiststhattheytailortheirresearchto“economicsneeds”,andthattheyawardahigherprioritytoresearchproposalsthatare“nearthemarket”andcanbetranslatedintothegreatestreturnoninvestmentintheshortesttime.Dependent,astheyare,onpoliticiansformuchoftheirfunding,scientistshavelittlechoicebuttocomply.Liketherestofus,theyaremembersofasocietythatratesthecreationofwealthasthegreatestpossiblegood.Manyhavereservations,butkeepthemtothemselvesinwhattheyperceiveasaclimatehostiletothepursuitofunderstandingforitsownsakeandtheideaofaninquiring,creativespirit.
Insuchcircumstancesnooneshouldbetoohardonpeoplewhoaresuspiciousofconflictsofinterest.Whenwelearnthatthedistinguishedprofessorassuringusofthesafetyofaparticularproductholdsaconsultancywiththecompanymakingit,wecannotbeblamedforwonderingwhetherhisfeemightconceivablycloudhisprofessionaljudgment.Eveniftheprofessorholdsnoconsultancywithanyfirm,somepeoplemaystilldistrusthimbecauseofhisassociationwiththosewhodo,oratleastwonderaboutthesourceofsomeofhisresearchfunding.
Thisattitudecanhavedamagingeffects.Itquestionstheintegrityofindividualsworkinginaprofessionthatprizesintellectualhonestyasthesupremevirtue,andplaysintothehandsofthosewhowouldliketodiscreditscientistsbyrepresentingthemascorruptible.Thismakesiteasiertodismissallscientificpronouncements,butespeciallythosemadebythescientistswhopresentthemselvesas“experts”.Thescientistmostlikelytounderstandthesafetyofanuclearreactor,forexample,isanuclearengineer,andanuclearengineerismostlikelytobeemployedbythenuclearindustry.Ifanuclearengineerdeclaresthatareactorisunsafe,webelievehim,becauseclearlyitisnottohisadvantagetolieaboutit.Ifhetellsusitissafe,ontheotherhand,wedistrusthim,becausehemaywellbeprotectingtheemployerwhopayshissalary.
1.Whatisthechiefconcernofmostgovernmentswhenitcomestoscientificresearch?
A.Thereductionofpublicexpenditure.B.Quickeconomicreturns.
C.Thebudgetforaresearchproject.D.Supportfromthevoters.
2.Whywon’tscientistscomplainaboutthegovernment’spolicyconcerningscientificresearch?
A.Theyknowittakespatiencetowinsupportfromthepublic.
B.Theyrealizetheyworkinanenvironmenthostiletothefreepursuitofknowledge.
C.Theythinkcompliancewithgovernmentpolicyisintheinterestsofthepublic.
D.Theyareaccustomedtokeepingtheiropinionstothemselves.
3.Accordingtotheauthor,peoplearesuspiciousoftheprofessionaljudgmentofscientistsbecause______.
A.someofthemdonotgiveprioritytointellectualhonesty
B.sometimestheyhidethesourceoftheirresearchfunding
C.theycouldbeinfluencedbytheirassociationwiththeprojectconcerned
D.theirpronouncementsoftenturnouttobewrong
4.Whydoestheauthorsaythatpublicdistrustofscientistscanhavedamagingeffects?
A.Scientiststhemselvesmaydoubtthevalueoftheirresearchfindings.
B.Peoplewillnotbelievescientistsevenwhentheytellthetruth.
C.Itmakesthingsdifficultforscientiststoseekresearchfunds.
D.Itmaywearouttheenthusiasmofscientistsforindependentresearch.
Whatisthesinglemosteffectivewaytoreducegreenhouse-gasemissions?
Govegetarian?
ReplanttheAmazon?
Cycletowork?
Noneoftheabove.Theansweris:
makeair-conditionersradicallybetter.Ononecalculation,replacingrefrigerants(制冷剂)thatdamagetheatmospherewouldreducetotalgreenhousegasesbytheequivalentof90bntonnesofCO2by2050.Makingtheunitsmoreenergy-efficientcoulddoublethat.
Air-conditioningisoneoftheworld’sgreatoverlookedindustries.Automobilesandair-conditionerswereinventedatroughlythesametime,andbothhavehadahugeimpactonwherepeopleliveandwork.Unlikecars,though,air-conditionershavedrawnlittlecriticismfortheirsocialimpact,emissionsorenergyefficiency.Mosthotcountriesdonothaverulestogoverntheirenergyuse.
Yetair-conditioninghasdonequitealotthingstobenefithumankind.IthastransformedproductivityinthetropicsandhelpedturnsouthernChinaintotheworkshopoftheworld.InEurope,itsspreadhaspusheddownheat-relateddeathstentimeslessthanwhatitwasin2003,when70,000people,mostofthemelderly,diedinaheatwave.Forchildren,air-conditionedclassroomsanddormitoriesareassociatedwithbettergradesatschool.
Environmentalistswhocallair-conditioning“aluxurywecannotafford”havehalfapoint,however.Inthenexttenyears,asmanyair-conditionerswillbeinstalledaroundtheworldaswereputinbetween1902(whenair-conditioningwasinvented)and2005.Untilenergycanbeproducedwithoutcarbonemissions,theseextramachineswillwarmtheworld.Atthemoment,therefore,air-conditionerscreateaviciouscycle.Themoretheearthwarms,themorepeopleneedthem.Butthemorethereare,thewarmertheworldwillbe.
Cuttingtheimpactofcoolingrequiresthreethings(beyondturningupthethermostat(温度调节器)tomakeroomslessArctic).First,air-conditionersmustbecomemuchmoreefficient.Themostenergy-efficientmodelsonthemarkettodayconsumeonlyaboutone-thirdasmuchelectricityasaverageones.Minimumenergy-performancestandardsneedtoberaised,orintroducedincountriesthatlackthemaltogether,topushtheaverageunit’sperformanceclosertothestandardofthebest.
Next,manufacturersshouldstopusingdamagingrefrigerants.Onecategoryofthese,hydrofluorocarbons,isover1,000timesworsethancarbondioxidewhenitcomestotrappingheatintheatmosphere.Aninternationaldealtophaseoutthesepollutants,calledtheKigaliamendment,willcomeintoforcein2019.Foot-draggersshouldapproveandimplementit;Americaisonecountrythathasnotdoneso.
Last,morecouldbedonetodesignoffices,mallsandevencitiessotheydonotneedasmanyair-conditionersinthefirstplace.Morebuildingsshouldbebuiltwithoverhangingroofsorbalconiesforshade,orwithnaturalair-circulation.Simplypaintingroofswhitecanhelpkeeptemperaturesdown.
Bettermachinesarenecessary.Butcoolingasanoverallsystemneedstobeimprovedifair-conditioningistofulfilitspromisetomakepeoplehealthier,wealthierandwiser,withouttoohighanenvironmentalcost.Providingindoorsanctuariesofair-conditionedcomfortneednotcomeattheexpenseofanoverheatingworld.
5.Whydoestheauthorthinkair-conditioningisanoverlookedindustry?
A.Becausemanyhotcountrieshaven’tputtheenergy-controllingrulesintoforce.
B.Becauseithascausedthesameimpactonpeople’slifeandworkasautomobileshave.
C.Becauseithasbroughtgreateconomic,physical,andeducationalbenefitstohumans.
D.Becauseitdoesn’tgettheduecriticismforitsenvironmentalimpactasautomobilesdo.
6.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph4?
A.Thepriceofair-conditioningwillgoupduetothelargedemandforit.
B.Ahighenvironmentalcostwillcomealongwiththeair-conditioningservice.
C.Environmentalistsareexpectingextramachineswhichcanwarmtheworld.
D.Governmentspartiallyagreethatair-conditioningisaluxurywecannotafford.
7.Withregardtothemeasurestocuttheimpactofcooling,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
A.Manufacturersshouldonlystopusinghydrofluorocarbons.
B.Peopleshouldavoidturninguptheair-conditionerstohavecoolroomsonhotdays.
C.Peopleshouldadoptmoreenvironmentally-friendlymaterialswhendesigningbuildings.
D.Governmentsshouldgiveagreenlighttotheagreementoneliminatingthepollutants.
8.Theauthorwritesthispassageto_______.
A.arousepeople’sattentiontotheglobalwarming.
B.appealfortheglobaljointeffortstocombatglobalwarming.
C.givecredittoair-conditioningforitsgreatcontributionstohumans
D.offeranewperspectiveonhowtoreducegreenhousegassesemissions
Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoftoughtrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.
Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabst