美国文学课件.docx

美国文学课件.docx

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美国文学课件

Part1:

TheLiteratureofColonialAmerica

1.HistoricalIntroduction:

（1）JohnSmith:

thefirstAmericanwriter

2.EarlyNewEnglandLiterature:

（2）WilliamBradford:

（3）JohnWinthrop:

3.PuritanThoughts:

（4）JohnCotton:

（5）RogerWilliams:

（6）AnneBradstreet:

（7）EdwardTaylor:

Puritanism

（1）.FeaturesofPuritanism

①Unconditionalelection:

Godhaddecreedwhowasdamnedandwhowassavedfrombeforethebeginningoftheworld.

②Irresistiblegrace:

regenerationasentirelyaworkofGod,whichcannotberesistedandtowhichthesinnercontributesnothing.

③Totaldepravity:

humanty’suttercorruptionsincetheFall.

④Limitedatonement:

Christdiedfortheelectonly.

⑤Perseveranceofthesaints:

theelect,despitetheirbackslidingandfaintnessofheart,cannotfallawayfromgrace

（2）.InfluenceofPuritanism:

①Agroupofgoodqualities–hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety（seriousandthoughtful）influencedAmericanliterature.

②Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.

③Symbolism:

theAmericanpuritan’smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.

④Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.

MainFeaturesofColonialAmericanLiterature:

1）Americanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons,inshort,personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.

2）IncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.Inform,iftherewasanyformatall,Englishliterarytraditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.

3）ThePuritanismformedinthisperiodwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature

4）

Part2:

TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution

BenjaminFranklin:

TheAutobiography

1.ThomasPaine:

TheAmericanCrisis

2.ThomasJefferson:

TheDeclarationofIndependence

3.PhilipFreneau:

TheWildHoneySuckle

TheIndianBuryingGround

ToaCaty-Did

BackgroundKnowledge

ThePeriodofEnlightenment:

The18thcenturyAmericanhistorywitnessedtwogreatrevolutions:

onewasAmericanRevolution,theotherwasEnlightenment,anintellectualmovementwhoserationalisticspiritinspiredAmericanmenoflettersandbroughtthemintoanewhorizonbeyondthelimitationofprevailingPuritanism.

Thetworevolutionsproducedanumberofoutstandingpoliticalandliteraryfigures,suchasBenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,andThomasJeffersonandPhilipFreneau.Theirliterarytalentenabledthemtobepoliticalleaders.

1）1.BenjaminFranklin

Life:

1706-1790

①Humanist,Scientist,masterof

diplomacy,aprosewriter;

②believerinthepossibilityof

humanprogressandthecomfortsof

materialsuccess;

③pragmaticandoptimistic,thelastpositiverepresentationofthevaluesoftheAmericandream

TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin

a.Itisperhapsthefirstrealpost-revolutionaryAmericanwritingaswellasthefirstrealautobiographyinEnglish.

b.Itgivesusthesimpleyetimmenselyfascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurityintowhichhewasborn,thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.

c.Firstofall,itisapuritandocument.Themostfamoussectiondescribeshisscientificschemeofself-examinationandself-improvement.

d.ItisalsoaneloquentelucidationofthefactthatFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderofeighteenthcenturyenlightenment,andthatherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas,thatmanisbasicallygoodandfree,bynatureendowedbyGodwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.

e.ItisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Theplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimagery,thesimplicityofdiction,syntaxandexpressionaresomeofthesalientfeatureswecannotmistake.

＊ThestyleoftheAutobiographywassimple,directandconcise.

＊Theworkalsogaveautobiographyanofficialpositionintheliteraryfield.

＊Franklin’semphasisonmaterialwealthandmaterialsuccessratherthanspiritualsatisfactionalsometwithcriticismandchallengesfromcritics.

ThirteenVirtuesinPoorRichard’sAlmanac

•1.Temperance（节制）

  EatnotDullness.DrinknottoElevation.食不过饱，饮不过量。

•2.Silence（谨言）

  Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself.Avoidingtriflingconversation.于人无善者不言，避免琐碎之谈。

•3.Order（秩序）

    Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces.Leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.物占其所，置物有定位，做事有定时，物有未来，事有始终。

•4.Resolution（决断）

  Resolvetoperformwhatyouought.Performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.该做之事下决心去做，决定之事一定去做。

•5.Frugality（节俭）

  Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself:

i.e.wastenothing.花费要于人于己有益，不得浪费。

•6.Industry（勤勉）

  Losenotime.Bealwaysemployedinsomethinguseful.Cutoffallunnecessaryactions.爱惜光阴，应做有用之事，不为无意之举。

•7.Sincerity（真诚）

  Usenohurtfuldeceit.Thinkinnocentlyandjustly;and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.（不做伤人之举，思想公正。

）

•8.Justice（正直）

  Wrongnone,bydoinginjuriesoromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.

  （成人之美，不成人之恶。

）

•9.Moderation（中庸）

  Avoidextremes.Forbearresentinginjuriessomuchasyouthinktheydeserve.

  （避免极端，要尽量克制报复心理。

）

•10.Cleanliness（清洁）

    Toleratenouncleannessinbody,clothesorhabitation.

    （起居服饰，务求整洁。

）

•11.Tranquility（宁静）

    Benotdisturbedattrifles,oraccidentscommonorunavoidable.

    （不为琐事，常见的或者不可避免的事感到烦恼。

）

•12.Chastity（贞洁）

    Rarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring;nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranother’speaceorreputation.

 （节欲，保健康或为后代，决不使身体虚弱，生活乏味，不损己或他人。

•13.Humility（谦逊）

    ImitateJesusandSocrates.

    （效仿耶稣与苏格拉底。

）

•AnalysisofThePoorRichard’sAlmanac

•

•B.FranklincreatedacharacternamedPoorRichardwhoserealexistencewasdebatedhumorouslyandseriouslyinthisbook.Foralmostaquarterofacentury,hekeptpublishingPoorRichard’sAlmanac,expendingitsliteraryparttotheintensedelightofitsreaders.

•Apartfrompoemsandessays,hemanagedtoputinagoodmanyadages（格言）,andcommonsensewitticisms（妙语）whichbecamehouseholdwordsandmanymottosofthemosttypicalkind.Hedidnotalwayswritethemaxims（格言）himself.Heborrowedfromothersandmadegooduseofhisownwitandwisdomtosimplifyandenrichtheiraxiom（格言）.Therearemanysimilarstatementsfilledalmanac,andtaughtasmuchasamused.ThepracticalwisdomofFranklinshoneforthraysofgrandeurfromitspages.

SignificanceofB.Franklin

1）Hewasararegeniusinhumanhistory.Natureseemedparticularlylavishandhappywhenhewasshaped.Everythingseemstomeetinthisoneman,mindandwill,talentandart,strengthandease,witandgrace,andhebecamealmosteverything:

aprinter,postmaster,citizen,almanacmaker,essayist,scientist,inventor,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,musicianandparlorman.

2）Hewasthefirstgreatself-mademaninAmerica,apoordemocratborninanaristocraticagethathisfineexamplehelpedtoliberalize.

3）Politicallyhebroughtthecolonialeratoaclose.ForquitesometimehewasregardedasthefatherofallYankees,evenmorethanWashingtonwas.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:

thedeclarationofIndependence,thetreatyofalliancewithFrance,thetreatyofpeacewithEngland,andtheconstitution.

4）Scientifically,asthesymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment,heinventedalotofusefulimplements.Hisresearchonelectricity,hisfamousexperimentwithhiskitelineandmanyothersmadehimthepreeminentscientistofhisday.

5）Literally,hereallyopenedthestoryofAmericanliterature.D.H.LawranceagreedthatFranklinwaseverythingbutapoet.IntheScottishphilosopherDavidHume’seyeshewasAmerica’s“firstgreatmanofletters”.

2.ThomasPaine（1737-1809）

TheCaseoftheOfficersoftheExcise

RightsofMan

TheAgeofReason

AgrarianJustice（1797）

3.ThomasJefferson（1743-1826）

Ø---animportantrevolutionarystatesman,themaindrafterofTheDeclarationofIndependenceandthethirdpresidentoftheUSA.

Ø---aferventbelieverandadvocatorofdemocracy,libertyandselfhood.

ØThenaturalrightsofmanmustbesecuredbylawinalienablyforall.

4.F.PhilipFreneau（1752-1832）

Ø---Thepoetofrevolution

Ø---FatherofAmericanpoetry

Ø---atransitionalliteraryfigurefromtheEnlightenmenttotheRomanticperiod.

①TheWildHoneySuckle

②TheIndianBuryingGround

③ToaCaty-Did

Part3:

TheLiteratureofRomanticism

1.WashingtonIrving:

TheLegendofSleepyHollow

2.JamesFenimoreCooper:

TheLastoftheMohicans

3.WilliamCullenBryant:

ToaWaterfrowl

4.EdgarAllanPoe:

TheRaven,ToHelen,AnnabelLee,TheFalloftheHouseofUsher

5.RalphWaldoEmerson:

Nature,Self-Reliance

6.HenryDavidThoreau:

Walden

7.NathanielHawthorne:

TheScarletLetter

8.HermanMelville:

MobyDick

9.HenryWadsworthLongfellow:

APsalmofLife,TheSongofHiawatha,TheSlave’sDream,MyLostYouth

HistoricalBackground

（1）NationalInfluences:

•Inpolitics:

democracyandpoliticalequalitylaythefoundationofRomanticism;

•Ineconomics:

thespreadofindustrialism;thesuddeninfluxofimmigrationandthepioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest;