整理3D打印技术资料.docx

整理3D打印技术资料.docx

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整理3D打印技术资料

3Dprinting

Formethodsofapplyinga2Dimageona3Dsurface,seepadprinting.Formethodsofprinting2Dparallaxstereogramsthatseem3Dtotheeye,seelenticularprintingandholography.

AnORDbotQuantum3Dprinter.

Timelapsevideoofahyperboloidobject（designedbyGeorgeW.Hart）madeofPLAusingaRepRap"PrusaMendel"3Dprinterformoltenpolymerdeposition.

3DprintingorAdditivemanufacturing[1]isaprocessofmakingathree-dimensionalsolidobjectofvirtuallyanyshapefromadigitalmodel.3Dprintingisachievedusinganadditiveprocess,wheresuccessivelayersofmaterialarelaiddownindifferentshapes.[2]3Dprintingisalsoconsidereddistinctfromtraditionalmachiningtechniques,whichmostlyrelyontheremovalofmaterialbymethodssuchascuttingordrilling（subtractiveprocesses）.

A3Dprinterisalimitedtypeofindustrialrobotthatiscapableofcarryingoutanadditiveprocessundercomputercontrol.

While3Dprintingtechnologyhasbeenaroundsincethe1980s,itwasnotuntiltheearly2010sthattheprintersbecamewidelyavailablecommercially.[3]Thefirstworking3Dprinterwascreatedin1984byChuckHullof3DSystemsCorp.[4]Sincethestartofthe21stcenturytherehasbeenalargegrowthinthesalesofthesemachines,andtheirpricehasdroppedsubstantially.[5]AccordingtoWohlersAssociates,aconsultancy,themarketfor3Dprintersandserviceswasworth$2.2 billionworldwidein2012,up29%from2011.[6]

The3Dprintingtechnologyisusedforbothprototypinganddistributedmanufacturingwithapplicationsinarchitecture,construction（AEC）,industrialdesign,automotive,aerospace,military,engineering,civilengineering,dentalandmedicalindustries,biotech（humantissuereplacement）,fashion,footwear,jewelry,eyewear,education,geographicinformationsystems,food,andmanyotherfields.Onestudyhasfound[7]thatopensource3Dprintingcouldbecomeamassmarketitembecausedomestic3Dprinterscanoffsettheircapitalcostsbyenablingconsumerstoavoidcostsassociatedwithpurchasingcommonhouseholdobjects.[8]

Terminology

Thetermadditivemanufacturingreferstotechnologiesthatcreateobjectsthroughsequentiallayering.Objectsthataremanufacturedadditivelycanbeusedanywherethroughouttheproductlifecycle,frompre-production（i.e.rapidprototyping）tofull-scaleproduction（i.e.rapidmanufacturing）,inadditiontotoolingapplicationsandpost-productioncustomization.[9]

Inmanufacturing,andmachininginparticular,subtractivemethodsreferstomoretraditionalmethods.Thetermsubtractivemanufacturingisaretronymdevelopedinrecentyearstodistinguishitfromneweradditivemanufacturingtechniques.Althoughfabricationhasincludedmethodsthatareessentially"additive"forcenturies（suchasjoiningplates,sheets,forgings,androlledworkviariveting,screwing,forgewelding,ornewerkindsofwelding）,itdidnotincludetheinformationtechnologycomponentofmodel-baseddefinition.Machining（generatingexactshapeswithhighprecision）hastypicallybeensubtractive,fromfilingandturningtomilling,drillingandgrinding.[9]

ThetermstereolithographywasdefinedbyCharlesW.Hullasa"systemforgeneratingthree-dimensionalobjectsbycreatingacross-sectionalpatternoftheobjecttobeformed"—ina1984patent.[10][11]

Generalprinciples

3Dmodelslicing.

Printing

Toperformaprint,themachinereadsthedesignfromanSTLfileandlaysdownsuccessivelayersofliquid,powder,paperorsheetmaterialtobuildthemodelfromaseriesofcrosssections.Theselayers,whichcorrespondtothevirtualcrosssectionsfromtheCADmodel,arejoinedorautomaticallyfusedtocreatethefinalshape.Theprimaryadvantageofthistechniqueisitsabilitytocreatealmostanyshapeorgeometricfeature.

PrinterresolutiondescribeslayerthicknessandX-Yresolutionindpi（dotsperinch）,[citationneeded]ormicrometers.Typicallayerthicknessisaround100?

?

m（250 DPI）,althoughsomemachinessuchastheObjetConnexseriesand3DSystems'ProJetseriescanprintlayersasthinas16?

?

m（1,600 DPI）.[12]X-Yresolutioniscomparabletothatoflaserprinters.Theparticles（3Ddots）arearound50to100?

?

m（510to250 DPI）indiameter.

Constructionofamodelwithcontemporarymethodscantakeanywherefromseveralhourstoseveraldays,dependingonthemethodusedandthesizeandcomplexityofthemodel.Additivesystemscantypicallyreducethistimetoafewhours,althoughitvarieswidelydependingonthetypeofmachineusedandthesizeandnumberofmodelsbeingproducedsimultaneously.

Traditionaltechniqueslikeinjectionmoldingcanbelessexpensiveformanufacturingpolymerproductsinhighquantities,butadditivemanufacturingcanbefaster,moreflexibleandlessexpensivewhenproducingrelativelysmallquantitiesofparts.3Dprintersgivedesignersandconceptdevelopmentteamstheabilitytoproducepartsandconceptmodelsusingadesktopsizeprinter.

Finishing

Thoughtheprinter-producedresolutionissufficientformanyapplications,printingaslightlyoversizedversionofthedesiredobjectinstandardresolutionandthenremovingmaterialwithahigher-resolutionsubtractiveprocesscanachievegreaterprecision.[citationneeded]

Someadditivemanufacturingtechniquesarecapableofusingmultiplematerialsinthecourseofconstructingparts.Someareabletoprintinmultiplecolorsandcolorcombinationssimultaneously.Somealsoutilizesupportswhenbuilding.Supportsareremovableordissolvableuponcompletionoftheprint,andareusedtosupportoverhangingfeaturesduringconstruction.

Additiveprocesses

Rapidprototypingworldwide2001[13]

TheAudiRSQwasmadewithrapidprototypingindustrialKUKArobots.

Severaldifferent3Dprintingprocesseshavebeeninventedsincethelate1970s.Theprinterswereoriginallylarge,expensive,andhighlylimitedinwhattheycouldproduce.[14]

Alargenumberofadditiveprocessesarenowavailable.Theydifferinthewaylayersaredepositedtocreatepartsandinthematerialsthatcanbeused.Somemethodsmeltorsoftenmaterialtoproducethelayers,e.g.selectivelasermelting（SLM）ordirectmetallasersintering（DMLS）,selectivelasersintering（SLS）,fuseddepositionmodeling（FDM）,whileotherscureliquidmaterialsusingdifferentsophisticatedtechnologies,e.g.stereolithography（SLA）.Withlaminatedobjectmanufacturing（LOM）,thinlayersarecuttoshapeandjoinedtogether（e.g.paper,polymer,metal）.Eachmethodhasitsownadvantagesanddrawbacks,andsomecompaniesconsequentlyofferachoicebetweenpowderandpolymerforthematerialfromwhichtheobjectisbuilt.[15]Somecompaniesusestandard,off-the-shelfbusinesspaperasthebuildmaterialtoproduceadurableprototype.Themainconsiderationsinchoosingamachinearegenerallyspeed,costofthe3Dprinter,costoftheprintedprototype,andcostandchoiceofmaterialsandcolorcapabilities.[16]

Printersthatworkdirectlywithmetalsareexpensive.Insomecases,however,lessexpensiveprinterscanbeusedtomakeamould,whichisthenusedtomakemetalparts.[17]

Type

Technologies

Materials

Extrusion

Fuseddepositionmodeling（FDM）

Thermoplastics（e.g.PLA,ABS）,HDPE,eutecticmetals,ediblematerials,Rubber（Sugru）,Modellingclay,Plasticine,RTVsilicone,Porcelain,Metalclay（includingPreciousMetalClay）

Wire

ElectronBeamFreeformFabrication（EBF3）

Almostanymetalalloy

Granular

Directmetallasersintering（DMLS）

Almostanymetalalloy

Electron-beammelting（EBM）

Titaniumalloys

Selectivelasermelting（SLM）

Titaniumalloys,CobaltChromealloys,StainlessSteel,Aluminium

Selectiveheatsintering（SHS）[18]

Thermoplasticpowder

Selectivelasersintering（SLS）

Thermoplastics,metalpowders,ceramicpowders

Powderbedandinkjethead3Dprinting

Plaster-based3Dprinting（PP）

Plaster

Laminated

Laminatedobjectmanufacturing（LOM）

Paper,metalfoil,plasticfilm

Lightpolymerised

Stereolithography（SLA）

photopolymer

DigitalLightProcessing（DLP）

photopolymer

Extrusiondeposition

Fuseddepositionmodeling:

1–nozzleejectingmoltenplastic,2–depositedmaterial（modeledpart）,3–controlledmovabletable.

Mainarticle:

Fuseddepositionmodeling

Fuseddepositionmodeling（FDM）wasdevelopedbyS.ScottCrumpinthelate1980sandwascommercializedin1990byStratasys.[19]Withtheexpirationofthepatentonthistechnologythereisnowalargeopen-sourcedevelopmentcommunity,aswellascommercialandDIYvariants,whichutilizethistypeof3Dprinter.Thishasledtoatwoordersofmagnitudepricedropsincethistechnology'screation.

Infuseddepositionmodelingthemodelorpartisproducedbyextrudingsmallbeadsofmaterialwhichhardenimmediatelytoformlayers.Athermoplasticfilamentormetalwirethatiswoundonacoilisunreeledtosupplymaterialtoanextrusionnozzlehead.Thenozzleheadheatsthematerialandturnstheflowonandoff.Typicallysteppermotorsorservomotorsareemployedtomovetheextrusionheadandadjusttheflowandtheheadcanbemovedinbothhorizontalandverticaldirections.Controlofthismechanismistypicallydonebyacomputer-aidedmanufacturing（CAM）softwarepackagerunningonamicrocontroller.

Variouspolymersareused,includingacrylonitrilebutadienestyrene（ABS）,polycarbonate（PC）,polylacticacid（PLA）,highdensitypolyethylene（HDPE）,PC/ABS,andpolyphenylsulfone（PPSU）.Ingeneralthepolymerisintheformofafilament,fabricatedfromvirginresins.Multipleprojectsintheopen-sourcecommunityexistthatareaimedatprocessingpost-consumerplasticwasteintofilament.Theseinvolvemachin