届二轮复习 短文语法填空中常见构词法总结.docx
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届二轮复习短文语法填空中常见构词法总结
2020届二轮复习短文语法填空中常见构词法总结
(4)-ness结尾的名词:
adj.—n.
意识aware—awareness/conscious—consciousness
苦bitter—bitterness 盲目blind—blindness
冷静calm—calmness 聪明clever—cleverness
疯狂crazy—craziness 渴望eager—eagerness
公平fair—fairness 愚蠢foolish—foolishness
适合fit—fitness 幸福/愉快happy—happiness
疾病ill—illness 友好kind—kindness
懒惰lazy—laziness 孤独lonely—loneliness
宁静quiet—quietness 悲伤sad—sadness
严重性serious—seriousness 甜美sweet—sweetness
稳定steady—steadiness 厚度thick—thickness
累tired—tiredness 弱点weak—weakness
冷/冷淡cold—coldness
惶恐不安nervous—nervousness
思乡homesick—homesickness
粗心careless—carelessness 自私selfish—selfishness
无私selfless—selflessness/unselfish—unselfishness
无助/无望helpless—helplessness/hopeless—hopelessness
(5)-age结尾的名词:
婚姻marry—marriage 短缺short—shortage
储存store—storage 包裹pack—package
车厢carry—carriage 通道pass—passage
(6)-th结尾的名词:
温暖warm—warmth 真理true—truth
死亡dead—death 成长grow—growth
(7)-ure结尾的名词:
快乐please—pleasure 离开depart—departure
暴露expose—exposure 压力press—pressure
失败fail—failure 混合mix—mixture
签名sign—signature
(8)-ce结尾的名词:
adj.—n.
缺席absent—absence 出席present—presence
信心confident—confidence 方便convenient—convenience
不同different—difference 勤奋diligent—diligence
远的/距离distant—distance
明显的/证据evident—evidence
优秀excellent—excellence 重要important—importance
独立independent—independence
天真/无辜innocent—innocence
智力intelligent—intelligence 公正just—justice
耐心patient—patience 浪漫romantic—romance
沉默silent—silence 暴力violent—violence
v.—n.
冒犯offend—offence
防御defend—defense(AmE)—defence(BrE)
建议advise—advice 设施devise—device
(9)-dom结尾的名词:
自由free—freedom 王国king—kingdom
智慧wise—wisdom
(10)-hood结尾的名词:
孩童时代childhood 男孩时代boyhood
邻里neighborhood
(11)-ship结尾的名词:
所有权ownership 锦标赛championship
友谊friendship 手艺craftsmanship
奖学金scholarship 领导才能leadership
艰难hardship 关系relationship
(12)-ing结尾的名词:
农业farming 变暖warming
园艺gardening 学业schooling
绘画painting 意思meaning
绘画drawing 训练training
录音tape-recording 衣物clothing
感觉feeling 十字路口crossing
工资earnings 问候greeting
储蓄savings 所发生的事情happenings
发现findings 财产belongings
痛苦suffering 贡品offering
环境surroundings 保龄球bowling
举重weight-lifting 射击shooting
摔跤wrestling
2.变形容词
(1)-y结尾的形容词:
n.—adj.
阳光灿烂的sun—sunny 多雨的rain—rainy
被雪覆盖的snow—snowy 有风的wind—windy
有暴风雨的storm—stormy 寒冷的chill—chilly
多雾的fog—foggy 有霜的frost—frosty
冰冷的ice—icy 阴沉的gloom—gloomy
布满星星的star—starry 泥泞的mud—muddy
布满灰尘的dust—dusty 脏的dirt—dirty
健康的health—healthy 富有的wealth—wealthy
霸道的boss—bossy 臭的smell—smelly
美味的taste—tasty 咸的salt—salty
皮包骨的skin—skinny 贪婪的greed—greedy
迅速的speed—speedy 狡猾的/棘手的trick—tricky
v.—adj.
爱挑剔的choose—choosy/pick—picky
黏的stick—sticky 悦耳易记的catch—catchy
害怕的scare—scary 滑溜的slip—slippery
(2)-al,-ial结尾的形容词:
n.—adj.
全球的globe—global 文化的culture—cultural
农业的agriculture—agricultural 情景的situation—situational
有条件的condition—conditional
环境的environment—environmental
化学的chemistry—chemical 医学的medicine—medical
原始的origin—original 政治的politics—political
实际的practice—practical 理论的theory—theoretical
音乐的music—musical 感情的emotion—emotional
国家的nation—national 自然的nature—natural
个人的person—personal 偶尓的occasion—occasional
精神上的mind—mental 身体上的physics—physical
偶然的accident—accidental
教育的education—educational
技术上的technique—technical
心理上的psychology—psychological
沿海的coast—coastal
种族的race—racial 面部的face—facial
工业的industry—industrial 金融的finance—financial
商业的commerce—commercial 官方的office—official
有益的benefit—beneficial 典型的type—typical
有影响的influence—influential
(3)-ful,-less结尾的形容词:
感激的thank—thankful=grateful
充足的plenty—plentiful 美丽的beauty—beautiful
成功的success—successful 可怕的awe—awful
忠实的faith—faithful 和平的peace—peaceful
高兴的joy—joyful/cheer—cheerful=enjoyable
非常干净的spot—spotless
无休止的end—endless 无家可归的home—homeless
无工作的job—jobless=unemployed
身无分文的penny—penniless
无私的self—selfless=unselfish
无目标的aim—aimless
无线的wire—wireless 无限的limit—limitless
珍贵的/无价的price—priceless=invaluable
毫无价值的value—valueless/worth—worthless
无语的speech—speechless
上气不接下气的breath—breathless
小心的,粗心的care—careful,careless
多彩的,无色的color—colorful,colorless
有用的,无用的use—useful,useless
成果丰硕的,无成效的fruit—fruitful,fruitless
强大的,无能力的power—powerful,powerless
有意义的,无意义的meaning—meaningful,meaningless=pointless=senseless
痛苦的,不痛的pain—painful,painless
后悔的,无悔的regret—regretful,regretless
有害的,无害的harm—harmful,harmless
闲适宁静的,躁动不安的rest—restful,restless
优雅的,粗鲁的grace—graceful,graceless
抱有希望的,无望的hope—hopeful,hopeless
有帮助的/愿意帮忙的,无助的help—helpful,helpless
考虑周到的/不周到的thought—thoughtful,thoughtless
(4)-(i)ous结尾的形容词:
n.—adj.
许多的number—numerous
多山的mountain—mountainous
冒险的adventure—adventurous紧张的nerve—nervous
有毒的poison—poisonous 危险的danger—dangerous
灾难的disaster—disastrous 小心的caution—cautious
营养的nutrition—nutritious 宗教的religion—religious
宽敞的space—spacious
有抱负的ambition—ambitious 神秘的mystery—mysterious
(5)-able,-(s)ible结尾的形容词:
(不)可预见的predict—(un)predictable
(不)可避免的avoid—(un)avoidable
(不)可忘的forget—(un)forgettable
(不)想要的desire—(un)desirable
(不)舒服的comfort—(un)comfortable
有(不)利的favor—(un)favorable
(不)合适的suit—(un)suitable
(不)可忍受的bear—(un)bearable
(不)可忍受的endure—(un)endurable
(不)可信的believe—(un)believable
(不)可信的credit—(in)credible
(不)可接近的access—(in)accessible
看(不)见的view—(in)visible
(不)可治愈的cure—(in)curable
支付得起的afford—affordable
适应力强的adapt—adaptable
可更新的renew—renewable
便携的port—portable
多变的change—changeable
可吃的eat—eatable
可依靠的rely—reliable
可行的work—workable
有价值的value—valuable
合理的reason—reasonable
高兴的enjoy—enjoyable
流行的fashion—fashionable
(6)-tive结尾的形容词:
v.—adj.
多产的produce—productive 迷人的attract—attractive
有创造力的create—creative 保护的protect—protective
预防性的prevent—preventative 健谈的talk—talkative
可供替代的alter—alternative 相关的relate—relative
有教育意义的instruct—instructive
有竞争力的compete—competitive
n.—adj.
有效的effect—effective 贵的expense—expensive
(7)-tic,-fic结尾的形容词:
系统的system—systematic 科学的science—scientific
戏剧般的drama—dramatic
浪漫的romance—romantic
有同情心的sympathy—sympathetic
精力充沛的energy—energetic
(8)-en结尾的形容词:
羊毛的wool—woolen
金色的gold—golden
木制的wood—wooden
(9)以-some结尾的形容词:
英俊的hand—handsome 令人惊叹的awe—awesome
令人烦恼的trouble—troublesome
烦人的tire—tiresome
(10)-ly结尾的形容词:
致命的dead—deadly 活跃的live—lively
友好的friend—friendly 兄弟般的brother—brotherly
有次序的order—orderly 昂贵的cost—costly
每月的month—monthly 每天的day—daily
3.变动词
(1)-fy结尾的动词:
净化pure—purify 简化simple—simplify
美化beautiful—beautify 使合理化just—justify
使恐惧terrible—terrify 使震惊horrible—horrify
合格化quality—qualify 分类class—classify
(2)-ize结尾的动词:
adj.—v.
认识到real—realize 使现代化modern—modernize
使工业化industrial—industrialize
使普及popular—popularize 集权central—centralize
使全球化global—globalize 使理想化ideal—idealize
使稳定stable—stabilize 使正常化normal—normalize
社会化social—socialize 使专门化special—specialize
n.—v.
使物质化material—materialize
总结summary—summarize
记忆memory—memorize
(3)-en结尾的动词:
变暗dark—darken 加快quick—quicken
削尖sharp—sharpen 削弱weak—weaken
松开loose—loosen 变紧tight—tighten
软化soft—soften 使更明亮bright—brighten
恶化bad—worsen 减少little—lessen
减轻/变亮light—lighten 变黑black—blacken
加宽broad—broaden 缩短short—shorten
adj.—n.—v.
加深deep—depth—deepen 加长long—length—lengthen
加宽wide—width—widen 加高high—height—heighten
加强strong—strength—strengthen
(4)-e结尾的动词(注意发音变化):
n.—v.
洗澡bath—bathe 呼吸breath—breathe
给……穿衣cloth—clothe
(二)前缀法
1.超过over-:
无意中听到overhear 超过overtake
睡过头oversleep 推翻overthrow/overturn
人口过剩overpopulation 克服overcome
忽略/俯视overlook
2.重新re-:
康复/找回recover 脱(衣服等)/移开remove
续借/更换/续签renew 回收利用recycle
替代replace 使恢复精力refresh
改革reform 复习review
3.前的fore-:
预告foretell 前额forehead
预报forecast 预知foresee
4.前的pre-:
前提precondition 预告predict
战前的pre-war 幼儿园preschool
预演preview
5.前的ex-:
前妻ex-wife 前总统ex-president
6.后的post-:
战后的post-war 研究生postgraduate
7.多的multi-:
多媒体的multimedia 多元文化的multicultural
多项选择的multiple-choice
8.远的tele-:
电话telephone 电视television
电报telegram 电信telecommunications
望远镜telescope
9.相互的inter-:
面试interview 国际的international
互联网Internet 相互作用interact
10.微小的micro-:
麦克风microphone 微波microwave
微软microsoft 显微镜microscope
11.自动的auto-:
汽车automobile 自传autobiography
亲笔签名autograph 自动地automatically
12.副的vice-:
副总统vice-president 副总理vice-premier
13.生态的eco-:
生态学ecology 生态系统ecosystem
生态友好的eco-friendly
14.中国的Sino-:
中日的Sino-Japanese 中石化Sinopec
15.潜/次一级sub-:
潜意识(的)subconscious 亚热带的subtropical
地铁subway 潜水艇submarine
郊区的suburban 副标题subtitle
16.半semi-:
半熟练的semi-skilled 半决赛semi-final
17.三tri-:
三轮车tricycle 三角形triangle
18.横跨trans-:
转移transfer 转变transform
传播transmit 移植transplant
(三)否定的前缀或后缀
1.in-,im-/il-,ir-
不活跃的inactive 不贵的inexpensive
缺乏经验的inexperienced 随便的informal
不完整的incomplete 不方便的inconvenient
独立的independent 间接的indirect
不重要的insignificant
无能力的incapable/incompetent
不合适的improper/inappropriate
不精确的inaccurate/incorrect/inexact
不充足的inadequate/insufficient
不成熟的immature 不耐烦的impatient
不完美的imperfect 不可能的impossible
不礼貌的impolite 不合逻辑的illogical
不合法的illegal 不规则的irregular
不负责的irresponsible
2.un-
不寻常的unusual 不安的uneasy
不公平的unfair/unjust
不知道的unaware/unconscious
不确定的uncertain 不受欢迎的unpopular
不普通的uncommon 不愉快的unpleasant
不重要的unimportant 不必要的unnecessary
不成功的unsuccessful 没被注意的unnoticed
不整洁的untidy 不合理的unreasonable
未完成的unfinished/undone
脱衣undress 打开unfold
卸车unload 开……的锁unlock
解冻unfreeze 出土/挖掘unearth
拧开unscrew 解开undo/unpack
揭露uncover
3.dis-
消失disappear 不鼓励discourage
揭露disclose 发现d