《计算机专业英语》电子教程.docx

1、计算机专业英语电子教程计算机专业英语电子教程 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Computer EnglishChapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Key points: useful terms and definitions of computers Difficult points: describing the features of computers of each generation计算机专业英

2、语1-2 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Requirements:1. The trends of computer hardware and software 2. Basic characteristics of modern computers 3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers 4. 了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点 计算机专业英语 1-3 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Ch

3、apter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the ComputerNew Words Expressions:computerlike a. 计算机似的 vacuum tubes 真空管 thousands of 成千上万的 electromechanical a. 机电的, 电机的 Census Bureau 人口普查局 known as 通常所说的，以著称 Abbreviations:ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 电子数字积分计算

4、机，ENIAC计算机EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) 延迟存储电子自动计算机 BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 二进制自动计算机 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自动计算机计算机专业英语1-4 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the ComputerIt is hard to say exactly when

5、 the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electron

6、ic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose.很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从20世纪30年代到40年 代，制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所 说的计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序, 而且是通用的。 计算机专业英语 1-5 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the ComputerOne of the first c

7、omputerlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was general-purpose, storedprogram machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial (金融的)assistance from

8、 IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true computer, however, because they were not entirely electronic.第一个类似计算机的装Z之一是1941年由德国的Konrad Zuse研制的， 叫做Z3,它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储

9、器 是机械的。另一台机电式计算机器是由霍华德.艾坎在IBM的资助下于 1943年在哈佛大学研制的。它被称为自 动序列控制计算器Mark I,或简称 哈佛Mark I。然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机,因为它们不是完全电 子化的。计算机专业英语1-6 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer1.1.1 The ENIAC Perhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices

10、 was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946. The machine was huge(庞大); it weighed 30 tons and contained(包含) over 18,000 vacuum tubes(真空管)

11、.也许早期最具影响力的类似计算机的装Z应该是电子数字积分计算机， 或简称ENIAC。它是由宾夕凡尼亚大学的J. Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。该工程于1943年开始，并于1946年完成。这台机器极 其庞大，重达30吨，而且包含18,000多个真空管。 计算机专业英语 1-7 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer1.1.1 The ENIAC The ENIAC was a major advanceme

12、nt (进步，提升)for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations(操作，运算) per second. It was controlled, however, by switches and plugs that had to be manually(手工地) set. Thus, although it was a general-purpose (通用型的)electronic

13、 device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer .ENIAC是当时重要的成就。它是第一台通用型电子计算机器，并能够 执行每秒数千次运算。然而,它是由开关和继电器控制的，必须手工设 定。 因此，虽然它是一个通用型电子装Z，但是它没有储存程序。 因 此,它不具备计算机的所有特征。 计算机专业英语 1-8 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1

14、.1 The Invention of the Computer1.1.1 The ENIAC While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC

15、, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951. 在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的数学家Von Neuman(冯.诺伊曼)加入 到 Eckert和Mauchly团队,他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部 机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机, 或简称EDVAC,是第一部包括了计 算机所有特征的机器。然而,直到1951年，它一直没有完成。 计算机专业英语 1-9 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业

16、性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer1.1.1 The ENIAC Before the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Compute

17、r, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England. It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose computer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which b

18、ecame operational in August of 1949. 在 EDVAC 完成之 前 ， 其他一 些机器建成 了 ， 它们吸 收了 Eck ert 、 Mauchly和Neuman设计的要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟 存储自动计算机,或简称EDSAC,它在1949年5月首次运行，它可能是世 界的第一台电子储存程序、通用型计算机投入运行。在美国运行的第一 部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称BINAC,它在1949年8月投入运行。计算机专业英语1-10 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Comput

19、ers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer1.1.2 The UNIVAC ILike other computing pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automa

20、tic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to sell the company to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first commercially availabl

21、e computer. 像他们之前的其他计算机先驱一样,Eckert和Mauchly在1947年组成了一家 公司开发商业计算机。公司名叫Eckert-Mauchly计算机公司。他们的目标 是设计并建造通用自动计算机或UNIVAC。因为难以获得财政支持，他们不 得不在1950年把公司卖给了Remington Rand公司。Eckert 和Mauchly继续 在Remington Rand公司从事UNIVAC的研制工作，并在1951年取得成功。众 所周知的UNIVAC I机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。计算机专业英语1-11 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The Hist

22、ory and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer1.1.2 The UNIVAC IThe first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 census. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election, less than an hour after the poll

23、s closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use. 第一台UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于1950年的人口普查。在投票点关 闭后1小时之内，第二台UNIVAC I 被用于预测D.艾森豪威尔会赢得1952年 总统大选。UNIVAC I开始了现代计算机的应用。 计算机专业英语 1-12 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer GenerationsNew Words Expressions:result in 导致, 造

24、成结果 take delivery of 正式接过 high-level language 高级语言 more and more 越来越多的 multiprogramming n.多道程 序设计 virtual memory 虚拟内存 compatible a. 兼容的； outnumber vt. 数目超过，比多 start off v. 出发, 开始 air conditioning 空气调节 Navy lieutenant 海军上尉 mainframe n. 主机, 大型机 range from to 从到 time-share n.分时，时间共享 from scratch 从头开始 c

25、ompatibility n. 兼容性 proliferate v. 增生,扩散 Abbreviations :VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 超大规模集成电路 LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 大规模集成电路 DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) 美国数字设备公司 COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) 面向商业的通用语言计算机专业英语1-13 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History

26、 and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958 First-generation computers were characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as their principal electronic component. Vacuum tubes are bulky and produce a lot of heat, so first-generation computers were large and

27、 required extensive air conditioning to keep them cool. In addition, because vacuum tubes do not operate very fast, these computers were relatively slow. 第一代计算机的特色是使用真空管为其主要电子器件。真空管体积大且 发热严重,因此第一代计算机体积庞大，并且需要大量的空调设备保持冷却。 此外, 因为真空管运行不是很快，这些计算机运行速度相对较慢。 The UNIVAC I was the first commercial computer i

28、n this generation. As noted earlier, it was used in the Census Bureau in 1951. It was also the first computer to be used in a business application. In 1954, General Electric took delivery of a UNIVAC I and used it for some of its business data processing. UNIVAC I是第一代中最早的商业化计算机。如前所述，它在1951年被用 于人口普查局

29、。它还是第一部用于商业应用的计算机。在1954年,通用电气 接收了UNIVAC I,并用它进行一些商业数据处理。计算机专业英语1-14 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958The UNIVAC I was not the most popular first-generation computer, however. This honor goes to the IBM 6

30、50. It was first delivered in 1955 before Remington Rand could come out with a successor to the UNIVAC I. With the IBM 650, IBM captured the majority of the computer market, a position it still holds today. 然而,UNIVAC I并不是最流行的第一代计算机。这一荣誉属于 IBM 650。它在Remington Rand能够造出UNIVAC I的后续产 品之前的1955年首次交付使用。凭借IB

31、M 650,IBM占有了大半 计算机市场，它在今天仍然保持这一位Z。 计算机专业英语 1-15 计算机专业英语,一些文章,专业性强 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958At the same time that hardware was evolving, software was developing. The first computers were programmed in machine langu

32、age, but during t he first computer generation, the idea of programming language translation and high-level languages occurred. Much of the credit for these ideas goes to Grace Hopper, who, as a Navy lieutenant in 1945, learned to program the Harvard Mark I. In 1952, she developed the first programming language translator, followed by others in later years. She also developed a language called Flow-matic in 1957, which formed the basis for COBOL, the most commonly used business programming language today. 同时，硬件在进化,软件也在发展。第一部计算机用机器