第二篇 句法常见句型.docx

1、第二篇 句法常见句型第二篇句法一、主要句式(一)知识概要 初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种： 主语+不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night. 主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed.这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach. 主

2、语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主语+系动词+表语，如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a map on the wall 其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be动词，不要换用have,如：There is going to be

3、 a meeting tomorrow. 在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点： 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer既歌唱又可舞的演员。而a singer and a dancer则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以s结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如：The news is good (news为不可数名词)。 有量词时应按量词的数量计算；如：This pair of g

4、lasses is good My glasses are broken.有些形单却意为复数的名词，如：People are coming here 这样的词还有Police， 如果要讲一个警察时，应讲a policeman。两个警察为two policemen。又如a policewoman, two policewomen 所有不定代词each，either，neither，one，the other，nobody，nothing，anyone，anything，someone，something 要作为单数如：Someone is waiting for you 在并列句中表示联合关系的

5、连词有：and not onlybut also，neithernor，eitheror 如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。表示转折关系的并列连词有：but和yet， 如：She is a good student, but she didnt pass the final exam.又如：I think the news is strange, yet it is true 表示选择关系的连词有：or，eitheror，如：Hurry up, or you will be late for school 表示因果关系的并列

6、连词有：for，so如：They studied very hard，so they all passed the exam 在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种，而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如：I knew the man,而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：I knew that he was a good man 这时宾语从句的连接词有that, (that只在从句中起联接作用，不在句中充当语法成分，既不是主语也不是宾语，所以在口语中常

7、常被省略。如：I am sure (that) she has passed the exam if, whether它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不起语法作用，当作是否讲。从句中有or not结构时，要用whether,如：I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not what它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外，还要作主语或宾语成份，如：I dont understand what you said (what作said的宾语)。又如：I asked him wh

8、at made him sick (what在宾语从句中作主语)。who，它也和what一样，在句中除作连接词外，可以充当句中的成份，如：I know who she is looking for?whose如：I want to know whose book this is?which如：Do you know which book is mine? 在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词，how它的应用最广，如：how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old。如：How much does it cost?when它只是连接时间状语，如：Plea

9、se tell me when the meeting will begin?where它连接地点状语，如：Where are you from?why它要连接的是原因状语从句，如：The teacher asked why Tom didnt come to school.在考试中常见到的考点是： 宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态， 如：I know he didnt come.我知道他没来。I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to Londo

10、n 我知道他已去伦敦了。主句中的谓语动词若是过去时，宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时，不能用现在时态。如：I wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun 状语从句主要有时间状语从句，其连接词有：after，before，when，as，as soon as，until (till)，while，since，by 其中较难掌握的有以下几点： until (till)直到，在用until表达

11、时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句，如：I studied hard until 12 oclock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如：He didnt go to bed until his mother came back 由 since，for，by，before来引导的时间状语从句。since引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如：I have studied English since 而由by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如：I had learned 25 English songs by the

12、end of last term 而before则多用于完成时，ago则多用于一般过去时，如：He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如：If it rains, they wont go to the parkon Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去进行时，如：He said if it rained the next day he would not go t

13、o the park 考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如：I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，如：I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow 在原因状语从句中主要是because， 应译为因为。它表达的因果关系最强，如：He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hard since应译为既然，如：Since you we

14、re ill yesterday I left some notes on your desk as应译为由于，如：As it is too hot wed better go swimming since与as所表达的因果关系远比because弱得多。而for表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首，如：He studies hard, for he wants to go to college 在比较状语从句中有同级比较asas， 如：This book is as good as that one 要注意的有两点：asas中间要用原级而不是比较级。用形容词还是副词，如：Mary writes

15、as carefully as Tom 而其否定句为not as (so)as， 如：They didnt work so hard as we did,而不同级比较用比较级加than,如：He is younger than I am 要注意的是表示越来越这一概念时有两个句型：比较级and比较级，如：The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful 定冠词the 比较级the 比较级，如：The harder you study, the more you ca

16、n learn 方式状语中要注意的是as (连词)与like (介词)的区别。as作为连词其后接从句，如：Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略，如：Please do it as I 而like是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如：Please do it like me 结果和目的状语从句主要有sothat，so that，in order that等几种用法。sothat 用在单数可数名词前，so 形容词 a 名词 that，如：She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用sucha 形容词 名词 th

17、at,如：She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用such， 如：It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如：They are such good players that they should win the game.在much，many，few，little之前只能用so， 如：I have so little money that I cant buy it sothat之间只有形容词时，则不能用such， 如：It is

18、 so good that I want to buy so that其后接从句，如：I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus （二）正误辨析 误The stories in that book was written many years ago 正The stories in that book were written many years ago. 析作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词，它们往往要带有修饰词，这些词可能是形容词，也可能是短语，但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数，要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的

19、语法成份，如：book作了of的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。 误To read many books are good for you 正To read many books is good for you 析不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。 误What he said are right 正What he said is right 析从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。 正The rich is not always happy 误The rich are not always happy 析形容词定冠词表示一类人，谓语动词应用复数，如：The young are very interested

20、 in study and sports 误The school master and writer are coming 正The school master and writer is coming 析本句应译为：校长兼作家就要来了。而The school master and the writer are coming 则要译为：校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有The girl and boy are playing on the grass 这应译为：一个女孩，一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如：the husband and wife 夫妻二人

21、。 误You or she go to get some water for us 正You or she goes to get some water for us 析由or连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also也有人称作就近原则。 误The teacher with a lot of students come into the classroom 正The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom 析真正的主语是the te

22、acher， 而with短语是伴随状态，不影响主语的数。 误My glasses is broken 正My glasses are broken 误This pair of glasses are good 正This pair of glasses is good 误These kinds of butter is good. 正These kinds of butter are good 析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：glasses眼镜，shorts短裤等。如没有量词在前时，要用复数谓语动词，但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。 误One of the boys are going

23、 to take part in the match 正One of the boys is going to take part in the match 析One of结构应以one来计算主语的数。 误Half of the work are done 正Half of the work is done 误Half of the books is read 正Half of the books are read 析在小于1的数量词作主语时，如： ， of名词，这时主语的数应按of后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数，则谓语动词要用单数，如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词。 误Ea

24、ch sides are full of trees 正Each side is full of trees 误Both side is full of trees 正Both sides are full of trees 析each，either其后都要加单数名词，而both后要加复数名词。如：each，either，another，little，a little，much等作主语时，谓语动词全部要用单数形式。 误The boys each has an apple 正The boys each have an apple 析each作同位语时，不影响句子的主语。 误Everyone of

25、 us has a ticket for the concert 正Every one of us has a ticket for the concert 析everyone，someone，everybody 在作主语时都不能加of结构。误Girls like dancing very much，but few likes playing football 正Girls like dancing very much，but few like playing football 析few虽然含意上是几乎没有，但作主语时仍要当作复数。 误The number of the workers in

26、that factory are two hundred 正The number of the workers in that factory is two hundred 析the number of意为：某某的数字是 如：the number of students学生人数，the number of players运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而a number of与many意思相同，其后加可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。如：A number of students are playing on the grass 误The rest of the students is h

27、ere 正The rest of the students are here 误The rest of the work are done 正The rest of the work is done 析the rest of的用法与，一半，of的结构一致，of后面为可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词，为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有lots of，a lot of，plenty of。 误The news in todays newspaper are not bad 正The news in todays newspaper is not bad 析有些以s结尾的名词要用作

28、不可数名词，它们是：news，physics，mathematics，thanks， 误The Chinese is kind and friendly 正The Chinese are kind and friendly 析Chinese作为中文来讲是单数名词，但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如：one Chinese，two Chinese 而The ChineseThe people of China要用复数谓语动词。误This dictionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars are a big sum for me正This diction

29、ary is too expensive for me Ten dollars is a big sum for me析表示一段时间，一笔金钱，一段距离，都应看作单数名词。 误Who are going to take part in our football match? 正Who is going to take part in our football match? 析用who提问时，习惯上用单数谓语动词，但which则要视其情况而定，如：which are better these shoeses or those shoes?又如：which is better this one o

30、r that one?误What a hot weather it is! 误How hot the weather it is! 正What hot weather it is! 正How hot the weather is! 析感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它由what与how作句子的开始，判定是用what还是用how的最好办法是将它们换为陈述句，比如：What the hot weather it is!应转换为：It is the hot weather 那么句子的起点是单词it。再来看感叹句中it前有不可数名词weather， 则只能用what。再看第二句How hot the weather is!转为陈述句时为：The weather is hot 这时句子的开始单词为the weather， 再来看感叹句在the weather前只有形容词，所以应用how。至于是用what a还是what要看名词的具体情况而定，单数可数名词加what a其余的加用what。 误We have to sing this，h