时态和语态.docx

1、时态和语态动词时态一动词的时态综述时是时间，态是形态的意思，动词的形态会随着时间的不同而变化，这就是时态。所以分析时态一是看时间，二是看动词的形态。从时间上看，英语的时态有现在、过去、将来之分。形态有一般、进行、完成之分。初中常考时态：一般现在时；一般过去时；一般将来时；现在进行时；过去进行时；现在完成时；过去完成时。二 时态的构成及用法一般现在时1. 一般现在时的构成：_2. 一般现在时的用法a.经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every, once a week,at, on Sundays. 表示频度的副词：always,usually,often,som

2、etimes,hardly ever,never He leaves home for school at 7 every morning. He goes shopping twice a week.注：对表示频度的时间提问用：how oftenb. 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. The sun is much bigger than the earth. 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Our teacher said that the earth _ (be)round.c

3、. 在含时间状语从句或条件状语从句的复合句中，若主句用一般将来时，则从句用一般现在时表示将来。If we _take environmental problems seriously, the earth _worse and worse.A.dont ; will be B.wont ; isnt C.wont ; is D.dont ; wont be 第三人称单数的动词变化规则一般动词直接加-s runs gets likes takes plays 以s，x，sh，ch,o结尾，加-es watches goes washes crosses mixes 以辅音字母+y，把y改i再加e

4、s studystudies flyflies carrycarries crycries特殊情况：have-has一般过去时1.一般过去时的构成：_2.一般过去时的用法a.在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 yesterday morning (afternoon, evening)last night (week, month, year),a moment ago , a week ago, three years agojust now. Where did you go

5、 just now?b.表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street.动词过去式的变化规则：规则变化一般在词尾直接+ed play-played enjoy-enjoyed以e结尾的动词直接+d waste-wasted decide-decided以“辅+元+辅”结尾且为重读闭音节，双写末尾辅音+ed stop-stopped, 以辅音字母+y，变y为i再+ed study-studied cry-cried不规则变化：eat: _ take: _ run: _ sing: _

6、 put: _write: _ speak: _ ride: _ swim: _ sit: _spend: _ drink: _ sleep: _ stand: _ read: _keep:_ make:_ send:_ fly:_ draw:_ 一般将来时1. 一般将来时的构成：_2. 一般将来时的用法a.be going to do：表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事。b.shall/will do：表示将要发生的动作或情况，没有太多的计划性, 还用来表示意愿注：shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。例.The

7、re _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A. will be going to be B. is going to haveC. is going to be D. will have注：there be结构将来时态：There will be. There is /are going to be.一现&一过&一将练习1Mary with her parents often _ (go)for a walk in the park after supper.2. My husband always _ (send) me flowers every week bef

8、ore we got married, but now he never _(do).2Stop smoking, Joe! You _ (kill)yourself if you keep on doing it like that!4 . Unless the weather _(improve)， we will have to cancel the picnic.5. I have a dream. When I_(grow) up, I want to be a scientist. 6. When I was a child, my grandmother often (tell)

9、 me funny stories.7. Do you think grandpa and grandma _(be) late? No, the train is usually on time.8. I _(write) to you as soon as I _(get) to London.现在进行时1. 现在进行时的构成:_2. 现在进行时的用法a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you. b. 表示当前一段时间内正在发生的动作。Linda is working on a new book these days.c. 与alwa

10、ys, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind.d. arrive, come, go, leave等用现在进行时可以表示将要发生的、计划或安排好的事情。The bus is coming. 现在分词(动词ing)变化规则一般在动词末尾直接加ing, 以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e,再加ing，make making， write writing以“辅+元+辅”结尾且为重读闭音节，双写末尾辅音+ing ， put-putting; begin-beg

11、inning; ie结尾，变ie为y加ing， lie-lying, die-dying过去进行时1. 过去进行时的构成_2. 过去进行时的用法a.过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的状语连用。如：at this/that time 在这/那时 at nine last night 在昨晚九点 但在不少情况下，没有表示时间的状语，这时需要通过上下文来表示。 What were you doing at nine last night? 昨晚九点的时候，你在做什么？ They were playing football at this time yesterday.昨天这

12、个时候他们在踢足球。b.过去进行时也可以表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。常与those days, the whole morning, from 8:00 to 12:00 last night等时间状语连用。He was writing a book those days. 那几天他正在写一本书c.when, while 的用法 when和while与过去进行时有着密切的关系，他们作从属连词时都有“当.时候”之意，用法不同：when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是短暂性动词，也可以是延续性动词；while引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词只能是延续性动词。when引导的从句谓语动词如果是

13、短暂性动词则用一般过去时，主句是延续性动词则用过去进行时,（长动作用过去进行时，短动作用一般过去时）；如果主句和从句两个谓语动词都是延续性动词则全部用过去进行时,这时when和while都可以用。eg. I was playing computer games when my father got home. Mother was cooking when/while I was doing my homework.现进&过进练习1. Look! the girls _(dance )in the classroom .2. While we _ (wait) for the bus, a g

14、irl _ (run) up to us.3. What is our granddaughter doing? She _(listen ) to music.4. It was quite late at night. George _ (read) and Amy _ (do)her homework when they _ (hear) a knock at the door.5. We _ (test) the new machine when the electricity _ (go) off.6. Its 5 oclock now. We _(have)supper now.7

15、. Mary _ (go) over her lessons from six to seven last night. John and peter _(do) the same thing.8. It was Friday evening. Mr and Mrs. Green _(get) ready to fly to England.现在完成时1. 现在完成时的结构_2. 现在完成时的用法a.过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。标志词：already, yet, just, ever, never, before等注意:当在肯定陈述句中含有already时，在转换成否定

16、句时，要把句中的already去掉，在句末加上yet.。如：I have already seen the film. - I havent seen the film yet. b.过去某时开始并一直延续到现在的动作或状态，这个动作或状态也许还会持续下去.标志词：for, since等 如：I have studied English for six years. 我已经学了六年英语了。 I have lived in Shenyang since 1990. 我从1990年就在沈阳住。 过去分词的变化规则规则变化：过去分词的构成与过去式一样不规则动词：需逐个记忆（见不规则动词表） AAA型

17、 cutcutcut putput put; readread readABB型 feelfeltfelt keepkeptkept sleepsleptsleptABC型 eat ateeaten drinkdrankdrunk writewrotewrittenABA型 comecamecome becomebecamebecome runranrunAAB型 beatbeatbeaten注意事项一 have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来hav

18、e/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用如：He _ Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。 He _ Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。 _he _ Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗?have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用;have/ has gone to则不可。例如: Has Tom ever _ Paris? 汤姆去过巴黎吗? Yes, he_ there several times. 是的，他去过好几次了。 Wher

19、e have they _? 他们去哪里了? They_ Shenyang. 他们去伦敦了。二延续性动词与非延续性动词非延续性动词不能用“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的非延续性性动词。例：arrive, come be here, be in buy have， begin, start be on ;finish, end be over die be dead go out be outl

20、eave, move be away borrowkeep finish/end be overfall asleep be asleep join be in close be closed 例如: He has been in the army for four years. I have been away from my hometown since 10 years ago.过去完成时1. 过去完成时的构成：had +done(动词过去分词)2. 过去完成时的用法a.到过去某一时刻或动作之前，已经完成了的动作，含有“过去的过去”之意。By the end of last tern，h

21、e had already learned 20 new songsb.从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一个时刻的动作。He had worked in the office for two years before he moved to another town.常与过去完成时连用的状语：:before/by/by the time of/by the end of+过去时间。现完&过完练习1. She _ (marry)for ten years and now she has a lovely daughter.2. The robbers _ (run away ) before

22、 the policemen _ (arrive).3. Miss Green isnt in the office. She_ (go) to the library .4. Im glad to see that you _(make) a lot of progress since I _ (see)you last.5.We _(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.6. My uncle _(work) at this factory for five years.7. Harry Potter is a ve

23、ry nice film. I_ (see) it twice . 8 He said he _already_(give) the book to the teacher.动词时态综合练习1. Mr. Wang has left for Guangzhou. He_(give) a speech there in two days.2. Be quiet! The students _(have) a physics test in the next room.3. In Chongqing, you can often see many people dance outside toget

24、her if it _(not rain) in the evening.4. A new shop _ for a week nearby. Lets have a look there. Good idea. But it doesnt _ on Mondays. (open)5.I _ (be)scared of dogs ever since a dog hurt me when I was five years old. 6. She told me she _(be) to Sanya three times.7. It only _ (take)me half an hour _

25、(ride)to school every day last term.8. He _( not see) me come in, for he _(read) something with great interest.9. I dont know if Mr.Wang _ (go) to Shanghai tomorrow. If he _ (go), I _ (ask) him _ (take) some books to my daughter, because she _ (study) there.10.They _ (study) the map of the country b

26、efore they _ (leave).语态一、语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者（或执行者）eg：Many people speak Chinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。eg：Chineseis spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。二、被动语态使用条件。 1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如： Some new computers were

27、stolen last night. This book was published in 1981. 2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike. This book was written by him. Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要； 动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到三、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过_的变化表现出来的。各种时态的被动语态构成：1.一般现在时：_Eg： Football is played all over the world2.一般过去时：_Eg：This house was built in 1958. 3.一般将来时：_Eg：More factories will be built in our city. 4.现在进行时：_Eg：A road is being built around the mountain. 5.过去进行时：_ Eg： We were being trained