00015英语二自考精讲.docx

1、00015英语二自考精讲00015英语二重点语法 （结合考题讲解）综合英语（二）常考的语法为：名词单数变复数，定语从句，虚拟语气，反意疑问句，非谓语动词，时态，名词性从句，形容词副词的比较级，主谓一致，倒装等等。下面我们把这些语法项目进行详细的有重点的讲解。名词1. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如： army ， audience ， class ， committee ， crew ( 全体船员，乘务员 ) ， crowd ， faculty ， family ， government ， group ， orchestra ， team ， union 等。强调整体时谓语动词用单数

2、，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。如： The government is paying close attention to economic development.The government are having a heated discussion on this matter. 2.有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如 :electronics( 电子学 ) ， mathematics( 数学 ) ， optics( 光学 ) ， politics ， statistics( 统计学 ), economics （经济学）, physics 等。例如 : Linguistics is a

3、difficult subject to study.3. 名词作定语时，除了man和woman要和中心词一起变成复数之外，其它修饰词不能变成复数。例如a woman teacher - two women teachersa man doctor - two men doctorsa girl student - five girl studentsa boy student -six boy students4. 复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如 : looker(s)-on ， runner(s)-up ， sister(s)-in-law ， editor(s)-in

4、-chief ， passer(s)-by ， grand-child(ren) ， shoe lace(s) ， blood type(s) 等。5. 如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如 :go-between(s) ， drawback(s), grown-ups “Of+抽象名词”相当于形容词Of interest-interesting Of importance-important Of value-valuableOf necessity-necessaryOf possibility-possibleOf great importance- greatly impo

5、rtant/very importantOf no value-valueless切记invaluable=priceless这里主要讲一下 不定代词some和any。通常some用于肯定句，any 用于疑问句和否定句。但在下列情况下例外：（1）在表示请求、建议时，some及其派生词可以用于疑问句。如： Would you like some coffee? Can somebody come and help me? Could you lend me some books? Why dont you buy some flowers for her birthday?注意“any +单数名

6、词”和“any other +单数名词”的区别。现在用两个例子进行说明。 China is larger than any other country in Asia. (China belongs to Asia.)China is larger than any country in Africa. (China does not belong to Africa.)（2）any及其派生词用于肯定句时，起强调作用，意思是 “任何的” .如：You can come any day you like. 你哪天来都行He is taller than any of the other boys

7、 in the class. (any of the other boys=any other boy)形容词和副词以下情况形容词常用于后置定语 : 1) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如 :present (到场的，出席的） ， available ， involved ， concerned ， etc 。2) 形容词修饰不定代词 something ， anything ， everything 时要后置。例如 : There was something wrong with her. I came across a tricky question hard to answer. I wond

8、ered if there was a room available. 注意enough的位置：enough 修饰名词时放在名词前后均可，修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面。如： enough water /water enough careful enough/ well enough形容词和副词的原级比较由 “as + 形容词或副词原级 ( 或后跟名词或短语 )+as” 构成， “asas” 前可加 not ， just ， almost ， nearly ， quite ， twice ， several times 等词修饰。否定式中 not 后面的 as 可改为 so 。如：He is a

9、s tall as I.He is not as/as careful as his brother.形容词与副词的比较级形式为 :“ 形容词 ( 副词 ) 比较级 +than+” ，应注意 than 前后相比较的人或物要一致 （否则没有可比性）。比较级前可以跟 even ， much ， stilI, far, a lot 等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。You voice is more beautiful than your classmates/that of your classmates.The population in China is much larger than that

10、in America.The values of the young differ from those of their elders. 不可数名词或名词单数，后面用that代替，可数名词复数后面用those代替。注意一些以-ior结尾的来自于拉丁语的单词，虽表示比较的含义，但后面要用to而不是than。常用的有七个：be junior to -be younger than be senior to -be older than be posterior to -be later than be anterior to -be earlier than be prior to -be ea

11、rlier than/be more important than be inferior to -be worse than be superior to -be better than还要注意比较级重要结构：the +比较级， the +比较级 ( 越 就越 ) ，常考选择或翻译。如：The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you make.The earlier you come, the better (it is).形容词与副词的最高级的形式分别为 :“the+ 形容词最高级 + 名词十范围表达 ” 和 “ 副词最高级十名词 + 范围

12、表达 ” ，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加 the 。例如 : We are the happiest when staying with friends. I carried out the task more successfully than he had expected. Most 有时并不都是最高级形式，相当于very，该用法比较正式。如：It is a most touching film. 这是一部非常感人的电影。They shall most certainly come. 他们很可能回来。时态国考中的考试重点是完成时态，现在我们详细讲完成时态的用法。只有延续性动词可以和时间段

13、连用,瞬间动词要改为相应的持续性的表示状态的短语。die-be deadleave/go-be awaybuy/borrow-keep/havestart/begin-be on注意重要句型：It is (has been)since这一结构也常用于现在完成时。It has been (也可用is) a long time since they last met each other.“This/It/That be the first (second) time that”句型中，从句常用完成时态。例如：Is this the first time that you have visited

14、 Hong Kong?This will be the second time that I have broken a cup this week.That was the third time he had been interrupted that afternoon. *现在完成进行时表示一种不间断的动作，因此在提到做某事的次数或所做事情的种类时，不能用该时态，而只能用现在完成时I have knocked at the door five times, but Im afraid nobody is in.The pop singer has sung three songs.关于过

15、去完成时1. 由had +过去分词构成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，常与由by, before，until等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语连用。The girl had learned a lot of English words before she went to school.2.用在表示与过去情况相反的虚拟句的从句中。If he had studied hard last term, he would have passed the examination.I wish I had gone to the party last night.关于将来完成时由s

16、hall (will) + have +过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情，常与by, before, when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。 When we get there theyll probably have left.By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world.下面我们要讲的是语法中的重中之重：情态动词+完成式(1)could+have+过去分词 有时表示过去的时间，说明某

17、事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。例 What happened in the airport could have been true. The director could have produced a better film.He could have helped me, but he didnt.(2) might/may+have+过去分词 表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为. 例：You might have done the work better.你本来可以把工作做得更好一些。(3) must+have+过

18、去分词 是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测，表示过去必定发生过的事情 ，语气相当肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。例：It must have rained last night. The ground is wet.昨夜一定下雨了，地上湿乎乎的。(4) should/ought to +have+过去分词 表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应”。 例：They should have made a good job of it.他们本来可把工作做好。 (5) should not/oughtnt to+have+过去分词 表示做了不该做的事，表示“本不应该”。 例：You should not have d

19、one such things. 你不该干出这种事情来。 (6) cant（couldnt）+have+过去分词 表示对过去的动作进行否定性推测。意为“肯定没有，肯定不是”。例：The poem cant have been written by the little girl; she is only four.这首诗肯定不是这个小女孩写的，她才刚四岁。 (7) would+have+过去分词经常用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的猜测。例：If she had known about it, she would have talked about it.她要是知道这件事的话， 早就对此说

20、东道西了。 (8) neednt +have + 过去分词 表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“原本不必”“其实不必”。例：You neednt have done all these calculations. We have a computer to deal with that sort of thing. Exercises1. The streets are all wet. It _ during the night. (2005/4)A. must rain B. must have rainedC. must be raining D. must have been rainin

21、g2. I _ this three-room apartment without the money I borrowed from the bank. (2004/10)neednt have boughtmustnt have boughtC. shouldnt have boughtD. couldnt have boughtD B 3. When we reached the cinema, the film _ started, for there were no people at the entrance. (2004/4)A. should have B. ought to

22、have C. had to have D. must have4. I think you ought _ me about the matter and not have let me make such a fool of myself. (2002/4) A. have told B. tell C. had told D. to have toldD D5. In the past few months the project _held up by the heated discussion about whether it is worthwhile. (2005/10)Ais

23、BwasChas been Dhad been6. This is the first time I _ on an English-speaking soil. (2003/10)A. set my foot B. have set footC. set my feet D. have set feetC B7. The job _ by the time he comes back. (2003/10)A. will have been done B. will have doneC. is being done D. has been done8.It is the first time

24、 that I _ really relaxed for months. (2002/4)A. feel B. have feltC. felt D. will have feltB A语态主动形式表示被动含义：A. need/require/want/deserve doing= need/require/want/deserve to be doneB. smell /sound /taste /feel /prove +adj. The story proved quite false. The flowers smell sweet.C. Cant, wont+vi. (move, l

25、ock, open,) The door wont shut.D. read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, wear+adv. (well, easily.)下面请看几个例子：This kind of rice cooks more quickly.The cloth washes easily.His blue jeans have worn thin.还要注意一些主动形式表示被动含义的短语：Be to blame: be responsible for dont know who is to blame.sink in: be underst

26、oodcome out: be published重点短语：have/has sth. done （考试中出现的频率极高） 该短语有三个意思： （）请让某人做某事I will have my hair cut tomorrow. He has just had his bicycle repaired.（）某物遭受到某一消极动作He had his finger burnt yesterday. He had his face cut when he was shaving his face.（）主语自己做某事 Well have all the dishes cleared away bef

27、ore seven p.m. every day.国考中主要考前两个意思。还要注意介词的使用：被动形式有时by要被其它介词代替 be known to sb.be popular with/among sb.be covered with sth.be engaged to sb.be married to sb.接不带to的不定式（也称秃头不定式）做宾补的词改成被动时要加to. 常用的动词有（十个半动词）一感 feel二听 listen to/hear三让 make/let/have四看 watch/see/look at/notice半帮助 help (即可用to也可不用）Did anyo

28、ne see Tom enter the room? Was Tom seen to enter the room?The teacher makes us do a lot of homework. we are made to do a lot of homework by the teacher. My house is full of dust because the old house just opposite _. (2005/4)will be pulled down has to be pulled downC. has pulled down D. is being pul

29、led downD从句定语从句注意关系代词that的使用A先行词为all everything nothing something anything little much 等不定代词时用thate.g-A hobby can be almost anything that a person likes to do in his spare time. -A hobby is something that we like to do in our spare time.B.先行词被all every no some any little much 修饰时用thate.g-Ive read al

30、l the books that you gave me.C.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时用thate.g-This is the first composition that he has written in English. -This is the best novel that I have ever read.D.先行词被the only the very the same the last 修饰时用thate.g-The last place that we visited was the chemical works. -The white flowers is the

31、only one that I really like. -This is the very book that I want to find.E.当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时用thate.g.-He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.F.当主句是who或which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句要用thate.g-Who is the person that is standing at the gate? -Which of us that know something about physics does not know this?关系代词除连接句子外，一般在从句中做主语，宾语或定语由关系副词引导的定语从句能引导定