生物化学单词翻译.docx

1、生物化学单词翻译绪论BiochemistryIntroductionchemical living organismsstructurefunctioncellular components proteincarbohydratelipidnucleic acidbiomoleculephysiological virusinorganic saltorganicvitaminbiomacromoleculeStatic biochemistry Dynamic biochemistry Propertymetabolizmrecombinant technique FermentationG

2、enetically Modified Foodproteasemicrobiologygeneticscell第一章 糖类abundantchemical nature classification Energyphotosynthesisalgaebacteria elementalPolyhydroxy（multi-hydroxy）definitionsaccharidealdehydeketoneCondensationderivativealcoholacidBreakdownstructural substancePolysaccharidecellulosecell wallCa

3、rbon frametransformationraw materials synthesizereserve substance starchglucogencovalentlyglycolipidsglycoproteinsglycoconjugatesextracellularmonosaccharidesoligosaccharidesmildaldoseKetoseglucosefructoseriboseDisaccharidesmaltoselactosesucrosepolymerslinearbranchedmolecular weights configurationcon

4、formationstablechangefulasymmetric（chiral） carbon atom pyranosepreferential conformationCyclic Structures metabolismdigestiontransferreducing sugarnon-reducing sugar OxidationreactionglucosideGlycosidic bond Sugar AlcoholsAmino SugarsDeoxy Sugarsdeoxyribose Sugar EstersPhosphate Estersmetabolic inte

5、rmediateshomopolysaccharideheteropolysaccharidesStorage Polysaccharides in plantAmylose（二级词汇）amylopectin（二级词汇）Iodine（二级词汇）storage polysaccharide in animals liverskeletal muscle structural polysaccharide insolublecompositionpropertyextendedhelicalhydrogen bonds strengthen the structuremetabolizeChiti

6、nfungi insectscrustaceans（二级词汇）shelf life applicationiron atoms rancidity flavoroxygeninteractionrepeating units linkagemixturehydrolysehemocellulose（二级词汇）agaralgaechemical industrymedical researchmediumcharacteristics stabilityagarosepurificationSepharose（二级词汇）gel exclusion chromatographynatural gl

7、ue between cells and tissuesmucopolysaccharide（二级词汇）hyaluronic acid（二级词汇）peptideglycanMicrobial heteropolysaccharidecomponentrecognitioncell growth, transformationfertilization（二级词汇）Carbohydrates communication differentiation（二级词汇）CHAPTER two脂类和生物膜fatty acid（FA）dehydrationestersolubilitynonpolar sol

8、ventscommonnessTriacylglycerols （TG） Glycerolmechanical damage heat lossphospholipids （PL） sterolcell membranes tissue immunityTerpenevolatile oil（二级词汇）fat-soluble vitaminsnatural pigment （二级词汇）crude rubber （二级词汇）Storage lipid Structural lipids protectionessential components small concentrations act

9、ive lipidsbiological activityhormoneStructure characteristics hydrocarbon chaintailcarboxyl groupterminalheaddouble bond systematic nameoctadecanoic acid （二级词汇）common namestearic acid（二级词汇）shorthand notation （二级词汇）Common featureseven number of carbon atoms saturatedsingle bondsin natureunsaturatedMo

10、nounsaturated FA polyunsaturated FA typicallyexceedcis configurationpalmitic acid（二级词汇）oleic acid（二级词汇）flexiblefluidbendfluiditycis-trans isomerism Cis-isomerstrans-isomertrans fatty acidnumber of carbon atoms the position of the double bond synthesizeplant sourcesdiet essential fatty acids linoleic

11、 acidlinolenic acids. (LNA)EPADHAArachidonic acid(AA) （二级词汇）simple lipidcomplex lipid derived lipidwax（二级词汇）esterifysimple triacylglycerolMixed triacylglycerols Ester bondmolecular structure liquidshort-chain fatty acidssolidgrease（二级词汇）LONG-chain fatty acids.fatoilphysical property colorlessodorles

12、s（二级词汇）proportionneutralbenzene,chloroform, （二级词汇）ether（二级词汇）melting point chain length Hydrolysisalkali（二级词汇）saponification（二级词汇）soapwater-insolublebird feathers（二级词汇）pharmaceutical and cosmetic products assimilate（二级词汇）sulfolipid fundamental structureglycerophospholipidglycerol backbone amphipathi

13、c lipid（二级词汇）polar “head” groupNon-polar tailpoisonous snakes phospholipase（二级词汇）sphingol（二级词汇）glycosphingolipidssmall amounts Cholesterolfunctionlow temperature mobilityprecursordiseaseSaturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acidplasma membranecytoplasmicmembranebiomembraneseparate the cytoplasm fro

14、m the surroundingsexclusion of certain toxic ions and molecules from the cellaccumulation of cell nutrientsenergy transductioncell locomotionreproductionsignal transduction interactionvicinity（二级词汇）prokaryotic cells intracellular organellesGram-negative （二级词汇）endomembrane system Eukaryotic cellsbios

15、ynthesiselectron transportmitochondria nucleustricarboxylic acid cycleoxidative phosphorylationelectron transportGolgi apparatussecretion（二级词汇）endoplasmic reticulum （ER）mesosome（二级词汇）energy metabolismcell divisionchemical composition Membrane lipidSpontaneously（二级词汇）Lipid Bilayersback-to-back arrang

16、ements of monolayersLiposomes（二级词汇）drug and enzyme delivery systems therapeutic （二级词汇）fuse with cellsintracellular hydrophilichydrophobicmembrane proteinsperipheral proteins extrinsic proteinsionic interactionspenetrate（二级词汇）hydrogen bondssurfaceassociateIntegral proteins (or intrinsic proteins)：dis

17、sociatesalt solutions changes in pH disrupt removedetergent（二级词汇）organic solventsinformation transmissionMaterial transfer receptorENZYMEdistributeantigenic structure blood typecancerizationstructure model Fluid Mosaic Modelcell fusion lateral mobility （二级词汇）rotational mobility（二级词汇）motion（二级词汇）ener

18、gy conversionembedhydrophobic region non-covalent binding.immunologic function movement functionrelatively stableInternal environment AFPhemoglobin（二级词汇）Protein synthesis第三章 蛋白质biomacromoleculeamino acids(aa). sequencestandard amino acidsstable conformationpeptide bond biological functionProtein def

19、iciencyenergy supplyintracellularEnzymatic catalysisCatalyzecatalystchemical reactions chemical nature chief structural component Movement and contraction Transport Proteins oxygen-transporting protein carrier protein Metabolic regulation growth substanceinsulinignoreantibodyImmune globulin host org

20、anismneutralize “foreign” molecules infectious agentsinterferon（二级词汇）Oxidation for energy secondary physiological functions Elementnitrogen contentKjeldahl Method（二级词汇）binding proteinshydrolyzenucleoprotein lipoproteinFibrous proteinsglobular proteinsdilute salt solutionsstructural roles spherical soluble in shapebreak down common/standard amino acidglycinprolineacid hydrolysis basic hydrolysisenzyme hydrolysisCommon Structural Featurescarboxyl group-carbonamino groupside chainshydrogen atom Isomers of amino acidsL Stereoisomers（二级词汇）