Unit8.docx

1、Unit8Unit 8 Text I Native American Influences on Modern American Culture1. North America北美洲：西半球的北部大陆，范围向北从哥伦比亚-巴拿马边界并包括中美洲、墨西哥、加勒比海诸岛、美国、加拿大、北极群岛和格陵兰2. continent缩写 cont.大陆：地球上主要的大块陆地之一，一般认为包括非洲、南极洲、亚洲、澳洲、欧洲、北美洲及南美洲3. settle in定居She settled her family in Ohio. 她家定居俄亥俄He settled down as a farmer with

2、a family. 他与一家人安顿下来务农He had to settle for a lower wage than the one requested.不得不接受一个比所需低的工资4. encounter遇到He encountered an old friend on the street.在街上偶然遇见一位老友Drivers on the M25 are likely to encounter fog and black ice tonight.He encountered the young woman as she was leaving a coffee shop.5. Indi

3、an 印第安人的：属于或与美洲土著人种有关的6. tribe部落, 部族7. curious about好奇Im curious to know what he said.我很想知道他说了些什么。What a curious mistake! 多奇怪的错误!There was a curious silence.有一种不寻常的沉寂。8. Europe欧洲：世界第六大洲，位于达达尼尔海峡、黑海和乌拉尔山脉以西，严格意义上说它是亚欧大陆板块延伸出的一巨大的半岛9. manners礼貌Her children all had such good manners.Its bad manners to

4、talk with your mouth full.Manner方式The manner of presentation is highly important. 介绍的方式很重要。He had an absent-minded manner. 他表现出心不在焉的样子。.10. As always happens (Just the way it is, with no changes or modifications)按现状：就用这种方式，不加改变或修饰：He bought the samovar as is from an antique dealer.原封不动地从古董商那里买到这套俄国式

5、茶具11. come into contact接触, 联系They came into contact with new ideas at college. 在大学里接触到了新思想 We can learn much by being brought into contact with opposing opinions.通过接触反面意见， 我们可以学到很多东西。He made many useful social contacts while he was in Canada.他在加拿大期间， 结识了许多有势力的社会人士。12. leave a permanent mark留下永久的标记He

6、 gave up a permanent job in order to freelance.The blindness that the disease causes will be permanent.Put a question mark at the end of that sentence.在那个句末划一个问号。He leaves his mark on everyone he teaches.他给每一个所教的人留下了印象。He fired but missed the mark. 他开枪射击却没击中目标。13. settler移民者, 殖民者14. Delaware特拉华州：美国东

7、部一州，临大西洋。1787年成为最早的13个殖民地中的第一个殖民地。1631年和1638年荷兰人和瑞典人分别在此殖民，1664年该地区被转让给英国。从1682年至1776年，该地区一直是威廉佩恩的宾夕法尼亚州授与地的一部分。多佛为该州首府，威明顿为该州最大的城市。人口668,696特拉华人：一群与早期居住在特拉华河河谷和哈得孙河河谷及其之间的地区的美国印第安人有亲缘关系的人。15. Iowa 衣阿华州：美国中北部一州。1846年它被接纳为第29个州。它属于1803年路易斯安那购置地的一部分，1838年被组建为一个独立的地区。在史前时期筑墩人居住在这一地区。得梅因是首府亦是最大的城市。人口2,7

8、87,424艾奥瓦人：美洲土著居民的一支，过去居住在衣阿华州的部分地区和明尼苏达州的西南，其后裔今天居住在内布拉斯加州，堪萨斯州，和俄克拉荷马州16. Alabama亚拉巴马州：美国东南部一个州。1819年被接纳为美国第22个州。亚拉巴马首先由西班牙人勘查，南部地区作为“路易斯安那购置”（1803年）的一部分被美国占领。蒙哥马利为其州府，伯明翰是最大城市。人口4,062,608亚拉巴马部落：克里克联盟的一个部落，以前居住在美国亚拉巴马州南部，现在定居在得克萨斯州东部17. Chicago芝加哥：美国伊利诺斯州最大的城市，位于该州的东北部密歇根湖上。是中西部重要的港口城市以及商业、经济、工业和文

9、化中心。这座城市在1871年曾被一场大火灾几乎摧毁。人口2,783,72618. Miami迈阿密：佛罗里达州东南部的一座城市，濒临比斯开湾，位于劳德代尔堡南部，19世纪70年代在靠近一个1836年所建的海港附近建立该城，在20世纪20年代和二次世界大战后的土地繁荣期得到极大扩张，今天是加勒比地区重要的旅游胜地和航游中心。人口358,548迈阿密人：原位于威斯康星州格林贝一带地区的土著美洲人，后来许多部落定居在南密歇根州、北俄亥俄州、印第安纳州和伊利诺斯州等地，现在人口居住在印第安纳州北部和俄克拉荷马州东北部19. Spokane斯波坎：美国华盛顿的靠近爱达荷州的一座城市，位于斯波坎河瀑布的边

10、界 。流程约193公里(120英里）。位于建于1810年贸易要塞的地方，斯波坎是贸易和加工中心，主要集中于发展农产品业、木材、采矿业。人口177,19620. name after与（另一人）同名He named the child after both grandparents. 以孩子祖父母的名字给他取名21. chipmunk花鼠：几种美洲花鼠属和花鼠属的有条纹的陆生小松鼠，尤指北美洲东部的 金花鼠 红松鼠22. moose驼鹿：一种有蹄的哺乳动物，发现于北美洲北部和欧亚大陆的森林中（棕角鹿 驼鹿） ，长有下垂的宽鼻口，雄鹿有大的掌状鹿角23. raccoon浣熊：北美食肉类哺乳动物，（

11、浣熊） ，皮毛灰褐色，面部有黑色纹路，尾多毛、黑色带圈纹24. skunk臭鼬：一种体形小，大部分食肉的东半球臭鼬 属及相关种属的哺乳动物，生有浓密的尾巴和带有白色斑点的黑毛，在受惊或遇到危险时从肛门附近的生殖器中射出一种恶臭的油状液体 也作 polecat25. moccasin类似印第安软皮鞋的鞋26. potato土豆，马铃薯：因含淀粉的可食根而被广泛种植的南美植物（马铃薯 茄属）27. wool rugs编织的羊毛地毯28. Navajo tribe纳瓦霍族：居住亚利桑那，新墨西哥和犹他州东南部的美洲印第安人。是美国同时期的美洲印第安人部落中人口最稠密的。纳瓦霍族人以豢养家禽，技术熟练

12、的纺织者，制陶者和银匠而著名29. Arizona亚利桑那：美国西南部一个州，与墨西哥接壤。1912年成为美国第48个州。西班牙人首次在1539年到此勘探，1848年通过瓜达卢佩-伊达尔戈条约该地区划归美国。菲尼克斯为该州首府和最大城市。人口3,677,98530. New Mexico新墨西哥：美国西南部一个州，位于墨西哥边境附近。1912年作为第47个州加入美国。它能追溯到16世纪西班牙人所遇到的普埃夫洛文明的史前文化遗址。1821年以后，这个地区是墨西哥统治的省，1848年在瓜达卢佩伊达尔戈和约签订后割让给美国。最初疆城(1850年建立）包括亚利桑那和科罗拉多的一部分，1853年由于加兹

13、登购买此城得到扩大。首府圣菲，最大城市阿尔伯克基。人口1,521,77931. jewelry made from silver and turquoise银制的和绿松石的珠宝饰物32. pottery陶器33. handmade leather products and beadwork手工的皮革制品和珠饰细工34. art and handicrafts艺术品和手工艺品35. treasured珍贵的I treasure your friendship. 我珍惜你的友谊。He treasures the watch his mother gave him. 他珍爱母亲送给他的表。36. b

14、e indebted to感激的，蒙恩的be indebted to a person for a large sum欠某人一大笔钱I am greatly indebted to you for your help.我非常感激你的帮助。37. Iroquois易洛魁族人 38. sophisticated成熟的, 完善的a sophisticated girl一个老于世故的女孩子a sophisticated columnist老练的专栏作家sophisticated modern weapons复杂的现代武器sophisticated new equipment 新的尖端设备39. joi

15、ned together in a union联盟40. Iroquois League. 易洛魁：美洲土著居民邦联，居住在纽约州，最初包括莫霍克，奥内达，奥农达加，卡尤加，和塞纳卡等族人，被称作为五国。1722年后，塔斯卡洛拉人加入邦联，组成了六国也作 Iroquois League41. autonomous 有自治权的42. internal affairs内部的事物internal affairs国内事物the internal relations of things事物的内部联系internal peace内心的平静43. act as a unit整体 44. diplomatic

16、 外交的45. manage its own affairs管理内部的事物manage ones household治家manage the affairs of a nation处理国家事务manage a naughty child管住顽皮孩子Can you manage another slice of cake? 你能再吃一片蛋糕吗?We finally managed to get there in time. 最后我们及时赶到了。46. trace 追踪, 回溯trace ones family back追溯某人家世trace a rumour to its source追查谣言的

17、根源In spite of the mist the sailors could trace the outline of an island.尽管有雾, 水手们还能依稀看出一个岛屿的轮廓。47. farming techniques农业技术48. fertilizer肥料(尤指化学肥料) manure农家肥49. irrigation methods灌溉方法50. crop rotation农作物的轮作：在同一块土地上连续种植不同的作物以提高土壤肥力并帮助控制昆虫的生长和疾病的蔓延the axial rotation of the earth.财地球绕轴自转 a rotation of pe

18、rsonnel员工的轮流替换 Unit 8 Text II Educated Peoples1. Endangered Peoples濒于灭绝的民族2. fighting the march of progress反对进步3. balance between these two worlds保持平衡4. offers her thoughts提出观点5. they are ruins that have died废墟, 遗迹6. their desires are the same愿望, 心愿7. gather their thoughts and feelings得出想法8. remain

19、themselves仍然保持正常的状态9. stone arrowhead箭头10. forced off their lands强制离开11. survive the pressure挺过压力12. hunt the caribou北美驯鹿13. on the hilltop小山顶14. come to life变得活跃15. invaded the quiet world侵袭16. drill for oil采掘石油17. lawmakers立法者18. dismiss the fears of自心中摒除19. resisting抵抗, 反抗20. took legal action诉讼2

20、1. won only a temporary ban on暂时的ban22. expanding populations人口增长23. dam projects筑坝计划24. economic conflicts经济矛盾25. threatened societies处于危险境地的26. rob native peoples of their lives, lands, or resources抢掠/资源 American cultureAmerican culture has been influenced by the democratization民主化of American soci

21、ety. The people who came to the United States brought their culture with them and once here, they borrowed from each other. As the United States became the favored destination of people leaving their homelands in search of a new country, American culture became a rich and complex blending混和of cultur

22、es from around the world. Generation by generation, decade by decade, American culture has received infusions注入 of new elements from Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. African Americans, for instance, brought forth the improvisational即兴的music and rhythms节奏 of blues and jazz that became the nat

23、ions most globally popular cultural form. An American can savor尽情享受the flavors and foods of many parts of the world and can hardly read a novel that does not partake带有of regional culture or immigrant移民backgrounds.Democracy has also influenced American culture, as indicated by the gradual merging聚合of

24、 elite精英and popular cultures. Nowhere has this merging had greater importance than in education. Before World War II, only a minority少数民族of Americans completed high school, and very few graduated from college. Today, graduation from high school is nearly universal, and a majority of young Americans

25、intend to go to college. With the dramatic increase in the amount of education they receive, Americans have become enormous consumers of books, museums, and concerts. Never have so many people known so much about literature and the arts. (I) Family life：MarriageMany Indians married at an early age-t

26、he girls between 13 and 15 and the boys between 15 and 20. In some Indian tribes, the parents or other relatives chose the marriage partners for the young people. In other tribes, especially those of North America, a young man could select his own mate配偶. He had to convince the girl and her parents

27、that he would make a suitable husband. In many cases, he offered them valuable gifts to win their consent同意. Throughout most of the New World, marriage was a family affair and not a religious ceremony. The boys family usually gave presents to the brides family. Many newly married couples lived with

28、the girls family-and the husband worked for her family-until the birth of a child. Then the couple might establish their own home. But they generally did not move to a new home in a new area. Many other newly married couples joined an existing family group or lived close to one. Some of the couples

29、moved in with other relatives of the woman or with the relatives of the man. This extended family shared with the daily work of the household, including the raising of children. Many Indian societies allowed men to have more than one wife. But this practice was common only among rich or powerful men

30、. Certain tribes strictly limited men to one mate, such as the Iroquois and the Pueblo of North America. After a man died, his wife would often live with his brother as husband and wife-even if the brother was already married. Similarly, if a woman died, her family would probably be expected to give

31、 her husband another unmarried daughter to replace her. (II) Family life：Family groups Most Indian families were small because many children died at birth or as babies. But the youngsters usually had plenty of playmates. Many extended families included cousins, in addition to a childs own brothers a

32、nd sisters. Indian children were praised when they behaved well and shamed when they misbehaved. Only the Aztec and Inca tribes had regular schools. Boys and girls of other tribes learned to perform mens and womens jobs by helping their parents and older brothers and sisters. Games made Indian children skillful and strong. After most boys reached their early teens, the