高考语法突破四大篇第四部分专题4主谓一致和特殊句式讲义英语.docx

1、高考语法突破四大篇第四部分专题4主谓一致和特殊句式讲义英语框架结构图主谓一致的核心考点1.就近一致原则(1)由or，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.，not.but.等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数

2、上保持一致。Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.2.意义一致原则(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况表示学科的名词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数。Politics is his favorite subject.表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。Do you know when the United Nations was set up?(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况表示总称意义的名词，如

3、people，police，public，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The police are searching for the murderer.(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。As far as I know，his family is not very large but

4、 the family are all music lovers.“the形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。The poor were looked down upon in the old days.3.语法一致原则(1)由and连接的两个名词作主语“a/the名词单数and名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.“a/the名词单数anda/the名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。The teacher and the poet have just

5、 arrived.“every名词单数andevery名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Bread and butter is not to his taste.(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Is fifty pounds enough?(3)“分数/百分数of名词”作

6、主语时，谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。Two-thirds of the books are about science.Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.(4)主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。Nobody but Jim and M

7、ike was on the playground.省略句的核心考点1.状语从句中的省略由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引导的状语从句中，如果其谓语动词为be，而从句的主语与主句的主语相同或从句的主语为it时，则从句的主语或it和be可省略。When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.2.不定式的

8、省略单独使用不定式符号to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等词后；或放在表情绪的词后，代替被省略的动词，常见词有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been时，则要保留be，have，have been。Will you please look after my house when Im away?Im glad to.Are you a sailor?No.But I used to

9、 be.Your work hasnt been handed in，but it ought to have been.3.常考的几个省略形式if ever，if any，if so，if necessary，if not better/worse/taller.than等。Please correct my mistakes if any.4.并列句中的省略并列句中的两个对等句里的动词相同时，后者的动词可以省略。He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.My room is on the third flo

10、or and his，on the fifth.倒装句的核心考点1.全部倒装(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。Look，theres that bookshop I was telling you about.(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。There goes the phone.Ill answer it.(3)such作表语置于句

11、首时。Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th centurys greatest scientist.(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。“If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。In the center of the square stands a monument.(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。Gone forever are the days when th

12、e Chinese people had to use foreign oil.2.部分倒装在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，nowhere，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case，on no condition等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。Little does he care about what others think.(2)在not.until.，no soo

13、ner.than.，scarcely/hardly.when.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.等句式中。Neither does he drink nor smoke.(3)当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。Only then did I find I had made a mistake.(4)在so/such.that.从句中，当“so形容词/副词”或“such名词”位于句首时。So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.(5)当表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“

14、so/asbe动词/助动词/情态动词主语”，表示“也是”。Times have changed and so have I.(6)当表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“neither/norbe动词/助动词/情态动词主语”，表示“也不”。They couldnt understand it at that time，and nor could we.(7)省略if的虚拟条件句，把were，had，should提到主语前面。Had it not been for your help，we shouldnt have achieved so much.(8)as和though引导的让

15、步状语从句。Try as she might，Sue couldnt get the door open.(9)“may动词原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，构成倒装语序。May you succeed!强调句的核心考点1.使用助动词do，does和did对谓语动词进行强调。First impressions really do count.2.运用强调句型来强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。强调句型的基本句型结构为：It is/was被强调部分that/who其他成分。可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语、表语、同位语等成分。在复习强调句型时，要注意以下几个方面：(1)强调句型中的主谓一致在

16、强调句型中，当对陈述句中的主语进行强调时，无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数，主句中的谓语动词都要用单数形式is/was，同时，that从句中的谓语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.(2)当对地点状语、时间状语或其他状语从句进行强调时，只能用连接词that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。It was on August 8,2008 that the 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.(3)

17、强调句型的疑问句强调句型的一般疑问句是“Is/Was it被强调部分that其他成分？”；强调句型的特殊疑问句是“特殊疑问词is/was it that其他成分？”。Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?When was it that she changed her mind?(4)在对not.until.结构中的until时间状语或时间状语从句进行强调时，要将句中的not移至until之前，构成：It is/was not until.that.。注意that从句中的谓语动词要变成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒装语序。

18、I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.注意事项：1.如果由特殊疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序，不可用疑问语序。He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.2.强调句型结构中的反意疑问句式。在强调句型结

19、构中，其反意疑问句的主语及助动词必须与主句It is/was.保持一致。It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isnt it?3.强调句型结构与定语从句的混合使用。在高考试题中，为了增加试题的难度，命题人常将强调句型与定语从句混合起来，使句子结构更加复杂。我们要注意从语法角度来分析句子，理清结构。It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.4.强调句型与时间状语从句的辨析。当用强调句型强调时间状语时，去掉“it is/was”和连词“that”，原

20、句仍然完整；而在时间状语从句中，若去掉“it is/was”和连词“when/before”，原句不完整。It was at 14：28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(强调句型)It was 14：28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(时间状语从句)其他句式的核心考点1.感叹句感叹句常用来表示惊叹、赞美、喜悦等语气。 常见句型： (1)Whata/an形容词单数名词主语谓语！ How形容词a/an单数名词主语谓语！(2)What(形容词)不可数名词/复数名词主语谓语！ (3)How形容词/副词主语

21、谓语！ (4)How主语谓语！What a strange plant(How strange a plant)! Ive never seen it before.这种植物真奇怪！我以前从未见过。 The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face.这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。 2.祈使句祈使句常用来表达命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告、劝告等。 祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you，但往往省略。 祈使句的否定形式一般在动词原形前加dont，也可用副词never构成。 祈使句的强调形式可以

22、在句首加do。 祈使句的常见句型： (1)祈使句and陈述句 “如果就” (2)祈使句or/otherwise陈述句 “否则” (3)名词词组(多含有more，another)and陈述句 “如果再就”One more day，and Ill get everything ready.再多给我一天， 我就会把一切准备好。在书面表达中适当引入特殊句式，可提高表达的层次，增强交际效果。但是学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：1.主谓不一致2.缺乏运用意识语言输出时，多用正常语序的简单句、并列句等，而缺乏运用特殊句式的意识。3.运用中出现语法错误考向1主谓一致.单句语法填空1.Transporting

23、 tourists to the regions increases(increase) ship and airplane traffic，adding to the risk of pollution，oil spills，and other environmental damage.(2018安徽六安一中三模)解析v.-ing形式作主语，谓语动词用单数，所以填increases。2.However，my mom was unwilling to keep them，saying there were(be) enough pets for us，two cats and a dog.(2

24、018黑龙江大庆市二模)解析there be 句型中用就近一致原则，enough pets是复数形式，故填were。3.Special fruits are(be) a status symbol in Japan，sort of like rare wines in the Western world.(2018全国名校联盟模拟)解析句意为：在日本，特殊水果是身份地位的象征，有点像西方的名酒。这里讲的是事实情况，且主语special fruits是复数形式，故填are。4.I was living a life in my screen and hardly noticed what was

25、(be) around me.(2018云南民族大学附中模拟)解析句意为：我过着一种在屏幕上的生活，几乎没有注意到我周围的一切。what引导宾语从句且在从句中作主语，谓语动词用单数，故填was。5.The bikes themselves are not new，but the operating model of bike-sharing isbased(base) on satellite navigation(导航) system，mobile payment，big data and other high technologies.(2018河南洛阳市三模)解析句意为：自行车本身并不新

26、颖，但自行车共享的运营模式却是基于卫星导航系统、移动支付、大数据和其他高科技。be based on以为基础；句子的主语是the operating model，是单数第三人称，故答案为is based。6.Fast food is(be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全国)解析根据行文的时态可知，此处用一般现在时；句子的主语fast food(快餐)是不可数名词短语，故填be的第三人称单数形式i

27、s。7.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is(be) often acceptable.(2016全国)解析本句的主语为动名词短语leaving the less.，动名词短语作主语，谓语要用第三人称单数形式，且这里说的是一个客观事实，故要用is。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.The classroom is a place for learning and that learning from textbooks，and mistakes as well.(2018全国)解析that作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式in

28、cludes。2.He would ask who we and pretend not to know us.(2016浙江)解析who引导的宾语从句中主语是we，谓语应用复数。考向2特殊句式.单句语法填空1.In any unsafe situation，simply press(press) the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.(2018北京)解析句意为：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你需要的帮助。此处是“祈使句and陈述句”，故填动词原形pre

29、ss。2.It could be anythinggardening，cooking，music，sportsbut whatever it is，make(make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.(2016全国)解析第二个破折号之后为but连接的并列句，whatever it is是让步状语从句，主句为祈使句，所缺词是主句的谓语动词，应使用动词原形。3.It was when we were returning home that I realized what a

30、good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.(2015湖南)解析分析句子结构可知此句为强调句，并且强调的是时间状语，故用that。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.I couldnt believe my lucknot only did I my photo taken with him，but he signed his name on my shirt！(2011陕西)解析考查倒装句的谓语结构，“did主语动词原形”，故had应改为have。2.After we left，I said，“That was very nic

31、e of you，Mother.But I didnt think she looked like Grandma.”“Neither did，” said Mother cheerfully.(2010浙江)解析“neither助动词主语”结构中，主语应该用主格形式，故me应改为I。题组一主谓一致集训.单句语法填空1.Either you or the headmaster is(be) to hand out the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.2.The teacher，with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class，wasvisiting(visit) a museum when the earthq