高考总复习之英语语法.docx

1、高考总复习之英语语法高考总复习之英语语法英语语法，指英语中语言的结构规律，包括词法和句法。高考中占分比重较大的就是句法，而句法中较为重要的是句子成分和句型结构。一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。You are geilivable.I believe you can make it.你很给力,我相信你能做好的。2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。由动词(或短语动词)、情态动词不定式组成。I love you.You can make frie

2、nds with me.3、表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，常有系表结构。You are handsome.你很帅哦4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词、代词，数词，动词不定式等。I love you.有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。You gave me(间接宾语)courage（直接宾语）你给我勇气。5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。You are a brave boy.The bike in the roo

3、m is mine.房间里的自行车是我的。6、状语修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。I love travelling in the spring.介词短语修饰travel7.补语补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作，因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使.),ask(请)等等。如果我们说：你使我。这不是一句完整的话。应该说：你使我快乐。这是的“happy”为形容词做补语,说明我的状态。You make me happy.作补语的词或词组为：形容词，副词，名词，不定式，ing形式，数词等。 句型结

4、构（一）简单句1.主语+谓语这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例：Things change.事物是变化的。2.主语+连系动词+表语(系表结构)I am fine. 主语+谓语+宾语这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例：I love you. 4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例：Yougaveme(间接宾语)courage（直接宾语）你给我勇气。 5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。（形容词easy作补语）*It引导

5、结构作形式主语（it is+adj.+for/of sb.to do sth.）或形式宾语（it+adj.+to do sth.）It is nice to know.认识你很高兴。二、并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and,but,or,so等。You love music and you are good at music.三、复合句即各种从句。包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句、状语从句。高考中占分比最大的是宾语从句、表语从句、同位语、主语、定语（1）表语从句1定

6、义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2构成：关联词+简单句3引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1)连词that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。(2)连词whether,as,as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us.是他们是否能帮我们。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All

7、this was over twentyyearsago,but its as if it wasOnly yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be,seem,look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天要下雨了。(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词where,when,how,why。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能

8、找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。解释：1连词because可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much.我想这是因为你做得太多。2在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we(should

9、)start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句1定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2构成：关联词+简单句 3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。(2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3) 连接代词who, whom, whos

10、e, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。解释：1 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主

11、语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing

12、, a pity, no surprise,etc.)+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced,arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林(2) 当主句是一般过

13、去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行（4）同位语从句1定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where

14、did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should

15、 do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。解释：1that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别that引导的同位语从句that引导的定语从句句法功能上that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。that替代先行词

16、在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用，是定语如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省。) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。) 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。2一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词

17、原形表示。should可省。如：This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。测试：A. 用适当的连接词填空：1.It worried her a bit（）her hair was turning gray. 2. .I have no idea（） we can do with these waste materials. 3.The doctor really doubts is( ) ( ) my mother will recover fr

18、om the serious disease soon. 4.It is hoped ( ) nature will never be destroyed.5. Do you guess( ) will give a talk on English tomorrow? 6.- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that ( )you had a few days off? 7.Word came ( )I was wanted at the office. 8.Do you know( ) of them will be ou

19、r new headmaster? 9.The teacher didnt tell me( )we were wrong. B. 单项选择：1.It was true Alice did surprised her mother. A.that B. what C. that, what D. what, that 2. Does matter much he cant come to the meeting. A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether 3. -What are you anxious about? - . A

20、. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed 4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is _she is both clever and hard-working. A.why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because 5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights

21、. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person 6. I really dont know _ I had this photo taken. A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why 7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I cant remember . A. where B. there C. which D. that 8. -What do you think of China? -_dif

22、ferent life is today from _it used to be. A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that 9. Give this to you _think can do the work well. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 10. _troubles me is I cant learn all these English idioms by heart. A.That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that