高中英语语法定语从句.docx

1、高中英语语法定语从句语法复习：定语从句考点与知识结构1.引导词有几个？一共有9个：who, whom , whose, that, which, when, where, why, as 与名词从句相比：定从不能由what和how引导；which的含义改变；定从内部的介词可以放引导词前。2. 引导词的功能有哪些？引导定语从句。代替先行词在定语从句中充当一个成分。（先行词在从句中不再出现）3. 定语从句的关键是什么？首先，要能判断出该从句是什么从句：放句首没有用逗号分开的，一般是主语从句，也有可能是状语从句，但从句结束后若有体现时态变化的动词，则一定是主语从句。放及物动词后，若及物动词不是被动语

2、态，后面一定是宾语从句；若该及物动词是被动语态，后面一般是主语从句（It+ is + adj/n./done+ that/whether/when）或状语从句。放be动词后，后面一定是表语从句，但 “It is/was + 从句(被强调成分) + that”是强调句（强调句中“非谓语”）。 放名词后，一般是定语从句，但若该名词有“内涵/内容”( fact/truth/news/information/ problem/suggestion)， 则很可能是同位语从句。 用逗号分开的从句，一般是状语从句或 as/which引导的定语从句，也要注意用放在句中用逗号分开的“插入语”(however,

3、for example, believe it or not等)。 When he will be back remains unknown. When he came back he turned on the TV.I dont know when he will be back.It is unknown when he will be back.It was because my alarm clock was broken that I was late this morning.其次，判断出是定语从句后可以用“三个优先”法做题：优先选择含whose的选项，能与空格后的名词构成“某人

4、的某物”搭配，一般就是答案；优先选择含介词的选项，然后看该介词与从句中的谓语是否能构成符合逻辑的搭配用逗号分开的定从，优先考虑as和which,若该空能翻译为“一件事”而从句意思是通顺的，则放句首就用as,句末用which(若该空能翻译为“如同”“像一样”则应用as)再次,做定语从句题可以用“三问法”来检测是否出错：（1）先行词本身是否为特殊的词？ 先行词特殊吗？ way+ in which/that/省略 来源：in this way用这种方法(方式状语) 指物的不定代词：anything, one, some, many, a lot, all, both, that等 + that 指人

5、的不定代词或数词：one, those, anyone, two等 + who 既有人又有物： + that “抽象的地点”condition, situation, case, point + where“抽象的时间”ones stay/visit + when 在特定语境中可以作“地点/位置”理解的词：trousers/ sleeves + where（2）先行词前面有无特殊的词？ 先行词前面有特殊词吗？ 有不定代词修饰：all/every/little/much+ + that 有最高级/序数词修饰：the best/second + that 有just the/ the very/

6、the only/ the last等修饰：+ that （注意：the same that just thethat正好是） 有who/which疑问词：+ that (避免重复) 有the same/ such/ as修饰：一般+ as (陷阱:第一个as是否为一个以as结尾的搭配，如regardas； 区分such as（定从）与such that“如此以至于”）（3）先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分？ 从句内部缺少成分吗？ 当心：从句中spend后的“时间”，以及visit后的“地点”，不是状语，而是宾语，应该用不定代词 仍然可以用“及物动词法”解题：若定从内部“主谓宾”或“主谓表”完整

7、， 只能用“关系副词”或“介词+关系代词”引导。 若定从内部缺少“主语”或“宾语（观察及物动词或介词后有无宾语）”，则一定用“关系代词”。4. 只能用that引导定语从句有哪些情况？先行词前为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词时先行词前有：all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few等不定代词修饰时先行词被序数词修饰时先行词被形容词最高级修饰时先行词前only, just, very, last有等修饰时先行词是表示人和物混杂的两个名词时主句是以who, w

8、hich,开头的疑问句或先行词是疑问代词时在修饰时间、地点等先行词时，只有用that代替when, where等引导词。例：Ill never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?先行词为reason, way (意为“方法”)时，常用that 代替why, which, in which，也可省略引导词在定语从句中作表语时，多用that引导先行词是主句表语时例：It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.当

9、主语以there be 开头时当先行词是数词时同一个复合句里有两个定语从句，一个用which，另一个通常用that5. reason后面用什么引导？way 后面用什么引导？reason后面的定于从句用why引导。way 后面定语从句用in which 或 that引导that可以省略。6. when引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句？when引导的定语从句等于 介词+ which引导的定语从句。7. where 引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句？where 引导的定语从句等于介词which引导的定语从句。8. one of 和 the (only) one of 引导的定语从句在主谓一致

10、问题上应注意什么？前者引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数；后者用单数。9. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有和区别？限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的一个部分，缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定语从句是对主句的进一步说明，不要从句对主句意义无多大影响；非限制性定语从句前后有逗号隔开。而且非限制性定语从句中不能用that。10. as 和which引导的非限制性定语从句在用法上有什么区别？as和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句都可以代替主句中的整个内容或某一成分as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以位于句首，并常和know, see, expect等词连用意为：“正如”而which不能位于句首11. a

11、s 可以用于哪些结构中引导定语从句？such. as； the same. as； so . as. 12. the sameas和 the same that 引导的定语从句如何区别？the sameas 引导的定语从句指的是相同事物，强调同类the samethat引导的定语从句指的是同一物This is the same pen as I bought yesterday.（相同）This is the same pen that I borrowed from Mr. Li. (同一物) borrow借进，lend借出 carry携带： take带走， bring带来， fetch去拿

12、来= go and bring13. suchas 和 suchthat如何区分？suchas 引导的是定语从句as必须代替先行词在其引导的从句中充当成分suchthat引导的从句是状语从句that只是引导从句并不在其引导的从句中充当成分在选择填空首先看从句中是否缺句子成分，如果缺成分就要考虑是定语从句；如果不缺成分就要考虑是状语成分14. whose 引导定语从句有那些注意点？whose 作定语,后面跟名词.一般有三种表示形式.例:This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.= This is the dictionary the cove

13、r of which has come off.= This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.15. “介词 + 关系词” 开头的定语从句有哪几种情况？ 注意：引导定从的介词后不能加who/that This is the house. He once lived in the house. This is the house where he once lived. which he once lived in. in which he once lived. The cover of the book has come o

14、ff. This is the school. the teachers of the school I like. （1）先行词在从句中做状语，用来替换when/where/why的：in/on/from/for/ in front of + which/whom: （2）“of所有格”： the +名词+ of + which/whom； of + which/whom + the+名词 （3）“某个范围中的多少”： some/both/the former + of + which/whom; of + which/whom some （4）偶尔可用“介词+ whose”和“介词+whe

15、re” The boss in whose department Ms King works is a kind man. (来源：Ms King works in his department) He hid behind the door, _ he could see what was happening outside.A. from which B. where C. from where D. from that (来源：he could see from behind the door; 类似: from across the sea, from beyond the river

16、bank) There is a tall tree in front of my home, the leaves _ have turned yellow. A. on which B. of which C. of whose D. where 注意：只有“of which/whom”结构才能在前面加名词短语，引导定从一.定语从句及相关术语1定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之

17、前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。2定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。3先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。4关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：引导定语从句。代替先行词。在定语从句中担当一个成分。（注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。

18、）定义：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 主句：The man is a policeman.从句：who is shaking hands with my father. 用来修饰先行词the man关系词who在定语从句中作主语The film which they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 主句：The film was not interesting at al

19、l.从句：which they went to see last night 用来修饰先行词the film关系词which在定语从句中作宾语The reason why he failed the examination is that he had not made any preparation for it. 主句：The reason is that he had not made any preparation for it.从句：why he failed the examination用来修饰先行词the reason关系词why在定语从句中作原因状语二.关系代词引导的定语从句

20、 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Lin

21、g is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语

22、或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

23、(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?（注意：the + 名词 + of which/whom常考！）三.介词+关系代词whom/which引导的定语从句（重点！） 关系代词在定

24、语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famo

25、us singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1)This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，

26、关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) (2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) (4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

27、3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词，构成some of which/whom等类似结构引导的定语从句。(重点：常考！) (1) He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our cla

28、ss in all, most of whom are from big cities. 在特定语境中，可以用“介词+ whose/where”引导定语从句 The boss in whose department Ms King once worked is a kind man.“从门后面” from behind the door“从海那边”from across the sea四关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) (1) I still remember the day whe

29、n I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语，此时先行词常为reason。可变为for which（常考！） why

30、=for which(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he

31、 wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born. 五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“的”通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上A.做宾语时可省略 B.可用thatC.可用who代替whomA.不可省 B.不用thatC.不用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only per