停车类问题中英文翻译旅游古城斋浦尔的停车管理战略.docx

1、停车类问题中英文翻译旅游古城斋浦尔的停车管理战略中文4335字英文原文：摘自：IE (I) Journal.CV 中的Parking Management Strategy for the Walled City of JaipurParking Management Strategy for the Walled City of JaipurJaipur is a very fast growing metropolitan city which has recorded exponential growth of population in the last four decades. T

2、he growth of vehicle population in Jaipur is very alarming. The public transport system is very weak and this is propelling the growth of individual modes of transport. The economic activities are congregating and intensifying in the walled city of Jaipur as a result of which a large number of passe

3、nger and goods transport trips originate and end in the walled city. This situation is warranting the need for adequate parking facilities and appropriate management policies, if the activities of walled city are to sustain. This paper presents the surveys carried out to assess the parking demand an

4、d supply within the walled city of Jaipur. The parking demand is projected for the horizon year and the shortfall is estimated. The private sector participation to meet the projected demand by implementing parking management and pricing policies is also illustrated in the paper.Keywords: Parking acc

5、umulation; Parking duration; Parking demand; Parking design; Parking policyINTRODUCTIONMetropolitan centres in the country are increasing both in number and population. There were 23 such cities in 1991 and these are expected to be 40 by the turn of the century1. Most of these cities have developed

6、from historical times. The economic activities like trade, commerce and administration created in the old parts of the cities are getting densified rapidly. In some cities the historic spots of tourist interest are also located in these old parts. Consequently the intensity of journeys to these acti

7、vity centres are increasing. The improvement in the economic status of the people coupled with availability of personal modes of transport has contributed to the growth in vehicular traffic to the activity centres. The resulting scenario is that the roads leading to these centres are flooded with ve

8、hicles of all types resulting in congestion. Another typical feature of these areas is that the carriageway and foot paths, meant respectively for vehicular and pedestrian traffic, are occupied by hawkers and vendors reducing the capacity of carriageways adding to the problems of crawling traffic an

9、d choked roads. As of today the commercial areas in every city are faced with problems of parking, congestion, accidents and environmental pollution. The planners and administrators, concerned with these problems, are trying to find solutions. The present paper describes one of the attempts of plann

10、ers in finding out solution to the parking problems of walled city in Jaipur. The paper includes description of the parking problems in walled city of Jaipur, field studies conducted to assess the characteristics of parking and remedial measures suggested along with a suitable parking policy.PARKING

11、 PROBLEMS IN JAIPUR CITYJaipur is one of the metropolitan cities in the country with a population of over 1.5 million and is observed to be growing at 49% per decade1. Besides being the capital city of Rajasthan, the city of Jaipur is a major tourist centre in the country as well. Major portions of

12、economic activities of the city are located in walled city area, spreading over 6.7 km2. This area is, besides having heavily concentrated activities, a very important tourist centre and attracts tourists from all over the globe. The economic activities in the form of wholesale trade, commerce, hous

13、ehold industries, administration and tourist spots generate heavy traffic to and from these areas. The limited road space of the area is congested with vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The shopkeepers and vendors also occupy the sidewalks and carriageways. Consequently the traffic in these areas is

14、 facing acute congestion, bottlenecks and hazards. The environmental pollution as well as physical and visual intrusions are also some of the other problems increasingly faced by the residents and the visitors to the area.Parking demand in the walled city area is met mainly by roadside parking along

15、 all major roads and there is no major off-street parking facility. With the ever increasing parking demand the vehicles are parked in two rows on carriageways. Footpaths are also filled with parked vehicles. While there is heavy demand for parking, the limited enforcement of regulatory measures fai

16、l to control and manage the parking problems. The Jaipur Development Authority ( JDA) concerned with the growing demand for parking and the related problems, (ie, traffic circulation, congestion etc), requested the Central Road Research Institute. New Delhi, to study the parking problems and suggest

17、 policies and schemes of management. In the light of the resource and time constraints, as well as severity of problems, the scope of the study was restricted to Kishanpole bazaar in the west,Tripolia bazaar in the north, Mirza Ismail Road (M I Road) in the south and Johari bazaar in the east as sho

18、wn in Figure 1.Figure 1 Map showing the study areaOBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe study was taken up with the following objectives:o to assess the parking demand and characteristics of the study area;o to assess the traffic operating conditions on the major roads within the study area;o to proje

19、ct the parking demand of the future;o to explore the possibilities of augmenting the parking spaces; ando to develop parking management schemes and policies to meet the parking demand of the present and future.FIELD STUDIESWith a view to assess the existing parking demand, parking supply, traffic vo

20、lume and traffic speed on major roads and related data was collected by carrying out field surveys, namely,o traffic volume survey;o speed and delay survey of traffic;o parking duration and accumulation surveys;o users opinion survey;o inventory of regulatory measures of parking; ando inventory of p

21、arking spaces.Traffic Volume SurveyThis survey was carried out between 0900 h and 1300 h and between 1600 h and 2000 h on a normal working day at mid- block locations of the following road sections:o Kishanpole Bazaar;o Chaura Rastha;o Johari Bazaar; ando Tripolia Bazaar.Speed and Delay SurveysSpeed

22、 and delay studies were conducted on all the major road sections to obtain average journey speeds and related delays during the morning and evening peak hours. The road sections included in the survey are:o Kishanpole Bazaar;o Chaura Rastha; o Johari Bazaar; o Tripolia Bazaar;o Nehru Bazaar;o Bapu B

23、azaar; ando Mirza Ismail Road.Parking SurveysThese surveys were carried out to assess the parking demand, parking characteristics, parking accumulation and duration within the study area.Users SurveyBoth two-wheeler and four-wheeler users were interviewed on sampling basis to obtain the data on soci

24、o-economic characteristics, purpose of the trip, origin of trip, duration of parking, time needed to walk to the final destination and problems faced while parking. The interviews covered all the seven road sections mentioned in the speed and delay studies.Inventory of Regulation and ControlThe inve

25、ntory of regulatory and control measures that are in vogue have been identified and the prevailing enforcement measures have been studied through field inspection. The inventory survey covered all the road sections mentioned in speed and delay studies.Inventory of Off-street Parking FacilitiesInvent

26、ory of the two available off-street parking facilities in the vicinity of the study area has been carried out. This included the assessment of the available spaces and their effectiveness as parking lots.TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICSThe data collected through surveys have been analysed to understand the n

27、ature and magnitude of the traffic problems and parking characteristics. These aspects of traffic are discussed here.Traffic VolumeThe road sections in the study area are found to carry traffic not only terminating to the activities located in the study area but also to other areas (through traffic)

28、. The peak hour traffic and composition presented in Table 1 show that the traffic volume ranges from 3600 vehicles/h to 8200 vehicles/h. The maximum flow was observed on Tripolia Bazaar. It is interesting to note that the two-wheelers, cycles and cycle rickshaws accounted for more than 85% of the t

29、raffic. Tripolia Bazaar has maximum percentage of non-motorised traffic (more than 50%).Parking AccumulationVehicles parked in the study area comprised two-wheelers, cycles, cycle rickshaws, four wheelers and goods vehicles, such as, pedal carts and cycle carts. Amongst these two- wheeler and cycle

30、rickshaws were dominant. Peak parking demand of vehicles on selected road sections is presented in Table 2. The table shows that Tripolia Bazaar ranks high with 1882 vehicles followed by Johari Bazaar with 1604 vehicles.The parking demand for the entire study area in terms of equivalent car spaces (

31、ECS) was worked out to be 3985. The hourly variations in terms of the vehicles parked on different road sections are presented in Figure 2. From the figure it can be observed that the accumulation reaches maximum by 1200 h and declines gradually by afternoon and again becomes maximum in the evening

32、by 1830 h.Parking DurationData on duration of parking of the cars and two-wheelers in the study area has been analysed. Cumulative percentages of cars and two-wheelers parked for different time duration are presented in Figure 3. It can be seen from the figure that 60% of cars and 55% of two-wheelers were parked for less than half an hour. Similarly, 78% of cars and 75% of two-wheelers are parked for less than one hour. The parking duration of two- wheelers is observed to be more than that of cars. This may be due to the shop keepers owning two-wheelers and parkin