《翻译理论与实践》课程教案.docx

1、翻译理论与实践课程教案翻译理论与实践课程讲义第一章 翻译概述 学时：1周，共2学时 教学目的：了解翻译的实质，翻译的标准以及翻译（笔译）常用的两种方法 教学重点：翻译（笔译）常用的两种方法 直译与意译 教学难点：正确理解句子，运用适当的方法翻译句子 教学内容第一节 翻译的实质和标准 一、翻译的实质 翻译是一种语言文字的实践，是利用一种语言文字把另外一种语言文字所表达的思想确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。 二、翻译的标准 清代学者严复明确提出 “信 、达 、雅”三条标准,可以说在所有提法中影响最大。我们认为一切理论都应该坚持对立统一的观点, 都应以 “正确”和”通顺”作为准则。 在此基础上,还要

2、注意原文的语言形式和文体风格。翻译的方法正确理解句子要正确理解句子需要三方面的知识:1.词汇知识 2.语法知识 3. 上下文知识 三、直译和意译直译和意译是翻译中最常用的两种方法. 如果原语的词汇意义、 句法结构、文体风格与译语风格一致或相似,即可用直译. 如:Still waters run deep, 译为”静水流深”. 但如果两种语言在表达同一思想内容时,词汇意义、 句法结构、文体风格相差悬殊,就只有采用意译手段才能达到翻译标准的要求.练习题：1.Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its nati

3、onal security.2. It is possible that they never imagined that any considerable amount of public opinion would be rallied in their favor.3. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change as a result of which it is possible to reform a new substance.4. There was nothi

4、ng mass produced about the school, but if it was individualistic, it also had discipline.第二章 词语理解学时：1周，共2学时 教学目的：正确理解词义，并对词义做出判断。 教学重点：判断词义的常用方法。 教学难点：英语词汇的多义性。 教学内容第一节 词义的选择一、词义的选择翻译中错译的情况常常是由于对词语的词义理解不准确引起的一个词在一个句中只能有一个确切的意义。在翻译实践中,我们必须对词的概念范围加以分析,从语法上,逻辑上对词义做出恰当的判断。 二、词义判断的方法 1根据上下文确定词义 2根据词的搭配确定

5、词义 3根据词的词性确定词义第二节 词语的引申 在翻译时往往会遇到这样的情况:有些词按其字面意义来翻译,或不能确切表达原文意思,或译文生硬晦涩。因此,在翻译中有的词语需要在其所具有的词义上加以引申,选择比较恰当的词语来表达;有的则需要增减词语才能使译文流畅。练习题：1.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various bran

6、ches of historical inquiry.2. Last December, the Post first report that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.3.The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. 第三章 词语增补学时：1周，共2学时 教学目的：了解英译汉时词语增补的各种情况并掌握翻译方法

7、。 教学重点：掌握词语增译的方法。 教学难点：翻译要做到增词不增意。 教学内容第一节 词义的选择增词是指在翻译时根据上下文和逻辑关系增添原文中没有出现但实际内容已经包含的词, 要做到增词不增意.第二节 词语增译的方法 1结构增词 2语义增词3增补概括性的词4增译语气连贯的词5为沟通不同文化而加词练习题：1. In America, motorcar factories were closing down in early 1961.2. The Greeks pushed northward, gained several victories.3. Everybody has a respon

8、sibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.4. Past retirement age, Dr. Lin is as vivacious as ever.第四章 词语转类（1）学时：1周，共2学时 教学目的：了解英译汉时词语转类的各种情况并掌握翻译方法。 教学重点：掌握词语转类的方法。 教学内容第一节 词语转类由于英汉两种语言表达方式的不同, 要逐字对译并原封不动译成同一词性是不可能的.第二节 词语转类的方法 1名词与动词互转 2形容词译成动词3名词译成形容词4派生词之间的转换练习题：1.

9、 They found difficulty in solving the engineering problem.2. Warnings were set out against the approaching storm.3. He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.4. She knew his every posture he was tired and depressed.第五章 词语转类（2）学时：1周，共2学时教学目的：了解英译汉时词语转类的各种情况并掌握翻译方法。教学重点：掌握词语转类的方法。 教学内容词语转类的方法

10、 1名词转译成动词 2介词、副词转译成动词3形容词转译成动词练习题：1. He who is subject to temptations tends to err. 2. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.3. He had never been a medical student, yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science. 4. He studie

11、d law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him.5. The interest the United Nations has always shown in this problem, which has been a distinguishing feature of its work since its inception, has increased

12、as the newly independent countries joined its ranks.第六章 代词的理解学时：1周，共2学时教学目的：了解英译汉时代词的理解和翻译的各种情况并掌握翻译方法。教学内容英语中代词的使用频率远远超过汉语.翻译代词首先 要理解文中的代词具体是指什么。1. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day

13、world upside down, or even destroying it. 二三十页的想法和情报竟能把当今世界搞得天翻地覆,甚至把它毁掉,这是一个奇怪的想法, 但我认为是正确的。2. It is the ideal condition of the “equal start” which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain.只有”平等起步”的这种理想状况,才是我们现代教育中这些最进步的形式所努力恢复的.3. You can almost put it down as a general ru

14、le in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aids, but seldom get it, and usually dont follow it when they do.你几乎可把下面的这一点看成首都的惯例: 历届总统经常请他们的助手提出直率的批评,但很难得到这种批评, 当得到了,一般也不大去采纳。4. But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well withou

15、t government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.对大多数人来说, 穷人能够自食其力,而且活得不比有政府帮助时差, 这本身就是一个巨大的胜利.5. Eighty-five percent of international telephone conversation are conducted in English, as are three-fourth of the worlds mail telexes, and cable.国际电话谈话用语, 有百分之八十五是用英语进行的,同样,全球四分之三的邮件, 电传和

16、电报用的也是英语.6. She was discreet and modest and well-behaved which he hopes young women to be when they were pretty.她谨慎, 谦虚, 端正, 这正是他所希望的漂亮的年轻妇女们具有的品质.7. It is now strictly true that scarce a fly or mosquito can be seen in the town.城里几乎看不到苍蝇和蚊子,这是千真万确的.8 Nuclear war was declared unthinkable, and so it r

17、emained in the popular mind fornearly two decades.核战争被认为是不可思议的事情,在近二十年的时间里, 在一般人看来它也确实是不可思议的.有时代词he, it的是泛指指代,不是指某个人或某样东西. This rabbit had no natural enemies in Australia, so it multiplied rapidly.这种兔子在澳大利亚没有天敌,所以它们繁殖得很快.第七章 介词的翻译学时：1周，共2学时教学目的：了解英译汉时介词的理解和翻译的各种情况并掌握翻译方法。英语中大多数介词含义灵活，一词多义多用。除了一些常用短语

18、已有译法外，大量介词需要从其基本意义出发，联系上下文加以灵活处理。下面简明地介绍几种基本译法。（1）转译：英语中常用介词来表达动作意义。汉译时，可将介词转译成动词。 This machine is out of repair 这台机器失修了。 Heat sets these particles in random motion 热量使这些粒子作随机运动。 （2）分译：介词短语作定语时，往往是定语从句的一种简略形式。介词短语作状语时，有时是状语从句的简略形式。有些介词短语还是并列句的简略形式。因此汉译时，有的可以拆句分译。 译成并列分句 She acts as a guider for show

19、ing us around the campus. 她充当向导，带我们参观校园。 译成让步分句 With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best这个设计尽管有种种缺点，仍被认为最佳设计之一。译成真实或虚拟条件分句 Mans warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind warmth.人的血液是热的，如果得不到一定的热量，人就难以长期在海水中生活。 译成原因分句 We cannot s

20、ee it clearly for the fog 由于有雾，我们看不清它。 The machine is working none the worse for its long service. 这部机器并不因使用的时间长而性能变差了。 译成目的分句 This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into theclassifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound. 为了便于研究起见，通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和

21、声学。 不译：不译或省略翻译是在确切表达原文内容的前提下使译文简练，合乎汉语规范，决不是任意省略某些介词。 表示时间或地点的英语介词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都不译。 There are four seasons in a year.一年有四季。Many water power stations have been built in the country我国已建成许多水电站。 有些介词如for（为了），from（从），to（对），on（在时）等，可以不译.The barometer is a good instrument for measuring air pressure 气压计是测量气

22、压的好仪器。The air was removed from between the two pipes 两根管子之间的空气已经抽出。Answers to questions 2 and 3 may be obtained in the laboratory问题2和3的答案可以在实验室里得到。Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling大多数物质热胀冷缩。 Its never occurred to me that bats are really guided by their ears我从未想到蝙蝠居然是靠耳朵引路的。反译

23、：在不少情况下，有的介词短语如不从反面着笔，译文就不通，这时必须反译。beyond, past，against等表示超过某限度的能力或反对.时，其短语有时用反译法。如： It is past repair这东西无法修补了。 There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet 有些论据不同意这行星上可能有生物。 off, from等表示地点，距离时，有时有反译法。如： The boat sank off the coast. 这只船在离海岸不远处沉没了。 but，except，besides等表示除去、除

24、外时，有时用反译法。 Copper is the best conductor but silver 铜是仅次于银的最优导体。 from，in等介词短语作补足语时，有时用反译法。 An iron case will keep the Earths magnetic field away from the compass 铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。 第八章 定语从句的翻译学时：1周，共2学时教学目的：了解英译汉时定语从句的翻译方法。前 置 法 把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句, 这种方法一般用于比较短的限制性定语从

25、句情况。一些较短的具有描述性的非限制性定语从句也可采用前置法, 但没有限制性定语从句使用得普遍。（1）We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome. 留给我们极其深刻的印象的事实是：甚至那些没有被告知严重病情的病人，对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。(2) Even a skilled writer probably could not describe

26、 all the features that make one face different from another. 即使是老道的作家也很可能不能完全描述出决定人的面孔各不相同的所有特征。（3）Young men who have reasons to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. 有理由担心自己将死在战场上的那些年

27、轻人,想到生活所能给予自己的最美好的东西被骗去时，感到十分痛苦， 这是无可非议的。后 置 法 当定语从句较长时, 如果翻译成前置的定语, 就会不符合汉语的表达习惯, 在这种情况下, 往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句, 放置于原来它所修饰的词的后面。另外在处理此类定语从句时, 一般遵循的原则是: 若保留先行词, 则在第二个分句中加以重复, 若省略, 则两个并列分句中均不再保留。当然, 在实际的翻译过程中也有例外。（1）They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which

28、, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现这一理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人内心所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为它而牺牲了自己的生命。(2) At dinner I found myself placed between Mr. Bradley and a shy drab girl, who seemed even younger than the other.席间我发现我的座位在布拉得雷太太和一位腼腆而朴素的姑娘之间，这位姑娘看起来比其余的人都还要年轻。（3）We make steam pass thro

29、ugh a pipe, round the outside of which cold water circulates. 我们使蒸汽通过一根管子， 在管子周围有冷水循环。(4) There is a sense in which morality and expedience need not conflict. 从一种意义上说， 道义和利益不一定冲突。(5) There are events taking place at this time which dim their hopes and lessen the prospects. 目前正在发生的一些事件，使他们希望渺茫，前途暗淡。(

30、6) After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talk, which continued well into night.饭后，四位主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。 (7) The baby who was traded for a horse was George Washington Carver, who became one of the worlds greatest scientists.这个卖一匹马价的婴儿就是乔治.华盛顿.卡沃，他后来成为世界上最伟大的科学家。翻译成状语从句 英语中有些定语从句, 兼有状语

31、从句的职能, 在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系, 说明原因、结果、让步、假设等关系, 翻译时应善于从英语原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系, 然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。（1）He would have to be careful not to offend the boss, who could give him the sack at any time. 他得小心谨慎，不要得罪那老板，因为老板随时都可以解雇他。（2）We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to save those infected with AIDS. 我们认识到需要建立和发展一些机构以有助于帮助爱滋病患者。（3）The task, which seemed to be difficult, was already accomplished in time. 虽然任务似乎很艰巨，但已及时完成。（4） He would be a rash man who should venture to de