英语专业精读1课后17.docx

1、英语专业精读1课后17Unite 1Paraphrasing(1) This ability to take familiar bits of language and to combine them to make new words and sentences is what sets language apart from other ways that human beings use to communicate.=Because of the existence of morphological and syntactic rules, language enables to cr

2、eate new words and sentences making use of available materials. This is not possible with other ways that we use to communicate, such as the use of facial expressions or bodily gestures.(2) We have to beware the word language. Its often used in a vivid way to mean any kind of connection between peop

3、le.=We have to be cautious about the use of “language” because it is often used figuratively, refering to any means of communication (body language) or even the basis of mutual understanding (speaking the same language). (3) We learn many rules of grammar in order to express different meanings, such

4、 as changing the order of words in a sentence. But we dont have rules which change the order of our facial expressions to express different meanings. =Facial expressions are different from real language in that there are no grammatical rules such as word order to help us express different meanings w

5、hen we communicate with facial expressions. (4) If I have the ability, I can paint them, draw them, sculpt them, dance them, compose them into a symphony or a ballet or a piece of jazz, and express myself in all the ways that are called “arts and crafts”.= “Arts and crafts” are also means of communi

6、cation. If I have the ability, I can express my thoughts and feelings in painting, drawing, sculpture, dance and music. (5) In our everyday lives we produce and comprehend language with such apparent ease that we take it for granted. Yet the ease with which we use language belies a level of complexi

7、ty of immense proportions.=Our everyday use of our native language, whether to express ourselves or to understand others, is so easy that we have never realized the great complexity behind this simple fact. Translation（1）Once weve learned a few thousand words, and learned the ways our language allow

8、s us to put them together into sentences, we can say things that nobody has ever said before. 一旦我们掌握了数千个单词和语言所允许的将这些单词组合成句的方法，我们就可以说出别人从未说过的话。（2）When people use their faces or hands to show their feelings, theyre doing something that is very different from what they do when they speak, write, or use

9、 a deaf sign language.当人们用脸或手来表达情感的时候，他们所做的是一件与说话、书写或者使用聋人手语很不一样的事情。（3）Language allows us to talk about our experience of the world in a way that no other means of communication can.语言使我们能够以一种其他交际手段所不能比拟的方式谈论我们对世界的体验。（4）那件鲜红的大衣使她在姑娘们中间显得特别突出。(apart from)Her bright red coat set herapartfromthe other

10、girls. （5）我们的触觉能力也可以演绎出一套语言。(develop into)Our ability to touch can also be developed into a language. （6）他以蛮横无理的方式对他的助手们发号施令。He orders his assistants aroundinawaythat is very offensive.（7）与书面语不同的是，我们在口语中并不是按照段落或章节来组织思想的。Unlike writing, our thoughts are not framed in paragraphs or chapters in speech.

11、Unite 3Paraphrasing(1) Scollon points out that Athabaskan Indians consider it inappropriate to talk to strangers, and that this has an odd effect when an Athabaskan meets a non-Athabaskan, white or black. One wants to get to know the other by talking and the other feels it is inappropriate to talk u

12、ntil they know each other.=Athabaskan Indians consider that it is inappropriate to talk to people they do not know. According to Scollon, this causes a strange effect when the Athabaskan Indians meet people from other cultures. The non-Athabaskans may want to make acquaintance with the Athabaskans b

13、y talking to them, but the Athabaskans will not talk to the non- Athabaskans before they become acquaintances. (2) As she puts it, Gonjans are so aware of the indirect function of questions to implyunstated meaning that “the pure information question hasnt got a chance.”=Gonjans take it for granted

14、that questions are always asked to achieve indirect functions, so they never ask questions for pure information. (3) This is the value associated with getting down to brass tacks and stickingto facts-values taken for granted in American business and education, and perhaps more generally by American

15、men.=The Americans usually take it for granted that in communication people should be direct and say no more or less than needed, and that what people say is exactly what they mean. This is especially true in business and education and applies more to American men than to women. (4) To the extent th

16、at no two people have exactly the same communicativebackground, to that extent, all communication is cross-cultural, and understanding cross cultural communication is a means to understanding language at the same time, it is also a means to understanding and, one hopes, improving problems and tasks

17、facing the world and the people in it, including the task of teaching and learning new languages.=No two people have just the same cultural background. Therefore, all communication is cross-cultural to some extent. In this sense, understanding cross-cultural communication can help us understand the

18、nature of language and tackle problems in the world, especially those caused by and related to the use of language, e.g. obstacles in foreign language teaching and learning. Translation(1)Just as physicists understand the nature of physical elements by observing theirbehavior in various environments

19、 and in interaction with other elements, so wecome to understand the nature of language by observing it in communicationand in contact with other systems of communication.物理学家通过观察物质元素在不同环境中的表现及其与其他物质的相互作用来理解它们的本质。与此相似，我们通过观察交际中的语言以及语言与其他交际符号系统的关联来认识语言的本质。(2) One who learns the explicit vocabulary an

20、d grammar of a new language islikely to stuff it into the implicit paralinguistic and discourse casings of thenative communicative system.外语学习者可能会把在一种新的语言中所学的显性的词汇和语法填充到母语交际系统中隐性的语篇框架或副语言外壳里。(3) As social networks are always local, not global, people in different communities have different ways of u

21、sing linguistic means to communicative ends, and their ways of talking, like other cultural patterns, define them as a community.社交网络总是区域性而非全球性的，不同社区的人有不同的语言手段来实现交际目标，与其他文化模式一样，人们说话的方式将他们界定为一个“（言语）社区”。(4)你很可能会发现很多人对语言的形式和功能还抱有老一套的看法。You are very likely to find many people who havestereotyped ideas a

22、bout the forms and functions of language.(5)请让我详细地说明我的建议。Please let me elaborate on my proposal.(6)失控的通货膨胀加深了工薪阶层的痛苦。Runaway inflation further plagued the wage- or salary-earner.(7)这样的笑话容易加重种族偏见。Such jokes tend toreinforceracial stereotypes.Unite 4Paraphrasing(1) They are on the road to acquiring th

23、e sound system of their language.=They are in the process of acquiring the sound system of their language.(2) Sometime around the childs third birthday, give or take six months, language takes a giant leap, and children start producing long sentences with varying degrees of morphological and syntact

24、ic complexity.=Sometime around the childs third birthday, six months earlier or later, there is great progress in childrens language learning and children start producing long sentences with varying degrees of morphological and syntactic complexity.(3) They glean the linguistic rules of English from

25、 sentences spoken by native speakers, who have a coherent grammar, not those spoken by their parents, who might well have an incoherent grammar in English.=They collect and learn the linguistic rules of English from sentences spoken by native speakers, who have a coherent grammar, not those sentence

26、s spoken by their parents, who might well have an incoherent grammar in English.(4) Sometimes, however, the language blossoms.=Sometimes, however, the secret language between children develops very well.(5) We are hard-wired to process and produce natural human language.=We are born with the natural

27、 ability to process and produce natural human language.(6) We acquire our specific naive language in a natural way by sifting throughwhat we are exposed to or what we crate with the UG principles that we are born with.=We acquire our specific native language in a natural way, by examining carefully

28、what we are exposed to or what we create with the UG principles that we are born with.Translation(1) In these studies the childrens recognition of English is indicated by increasedeye activity and heartbeat, rather than the smile and babbling that Robert produced, but the studies were down under lab

29、oratory conditions, whereas Roberts situation was a social one.在这些研究中，儿童可以识别英语的证据是眼睛活动增多、心跳加快，而不是罗伯特做出的那种笑脸和咿呀声，但是这些研究是在实验室环境中做的，而罗伯特所在的是社会自然场景。(2) I said slowly and loudly Milk You have to say milk Nick said slowly andloudly “Awamih. Thats when I finally got it. He was saying, I want milk, awhole s

30、entence, not just a single word.我缓慢而大声地说：“milk（牛奶），要说 milk。”尼克也缓慢而大声地说：“Awamih。”这时我才发现，原来他是在说“I want milk（我要牛奶）”，是一整个句子，而不仅仅是一个词(3) A child who speaks a language that has operators that follow the objects theyoperate on (such as a language in which the verb follows the object, givingsomething like b

31、ook read instead off read book), for example, will use theopposite word order from that of a child who speaks English.比如，如果在一个儿童所说的语言中，操纵者出现在被操纵的物体后面（例如有的语言把动词放在宾语后面，会说“书-读”，而不是“读-书”），那么这个儿童就会使用与说英语的儿童相反的词序。(4)当今科技最大益处之一就是能使我们接触真正的外语。One of the great benefits of technology today is the ability to ex

32、pose ourselves to real foreign language.(5)非母语元素为英语带来了一些新元素。Non-native speakers of English introduced some new elements into the language.(6)刚到美国时他对英语只有最基本的了解，但是很快就说得很流利了。He came to America with only some rudimentary knowledge of English but soon became a pretty fluent speaker.Unite 5Paraphrasing(1) I am not necessarily suggesting that cross-cultural training might eventually be seen to be in vain-I bel