英语专业精读1课后17.docx

英语专业精读1课后17.docx

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英语专业精读1课后17

Unite1

Paraphrasing

（1）Thisabilitytotakefamiliarbitsoflanguageandtocombinethemtomakenewwordsandsentencesiswhatsetslanguageapartfromotherwaysthathumanbeingsusetocommunicate.

=Becauseoftheexistenceofmorphologicalandsyntacticrules,languageenablestocreatenewwordsandsentencesmakinguseofavailablematerials.Thisisnotpossiblewithotherwaysthatweusetocommunicate,suchastheuseoffacialexpressionsorbodilygestures.

（2）Wehavetobewaretheword‘language’.It’softenusedinavividwaytomeananykindofconnectionbetweenpeople.

=Wehavetobecautiousabouttheuseof“language”becauseitisoftenusedfiguratively,referingtoanymeansofcommunication（bodylanguage）oreventhebasisofmutualunderstanding（speakingthesamelanguage）.

（3）Welearnmanyrulesofgrammarinordertoexpressdifferentmeanings,suchaschangingtheorderofwordsinasentence.Butwedon’thaveruleswhichchangetheorderofourfacialexpressionstoexpressdifferentmeanings.

=Facialexpressionsaredifferentfromreallanguageinthattherearenogrammaticalrulessuchaswordordertohelpusexpressdifferentmeaningswhenwecommunicatewithfacialexpressions.

（4）IfIhavetheability,Icanpaintthem,drawthem,sculptthem,dancethem,composethemintoasymphonyoraballetorapieceofjazz,andexpressmyselfinallthewaysthatarecalled“artsandcrafts”.

=“Artsandcrafts”arealsomeansofcommunication.IfIhavetheability,Icanexpressmythoughtsandfeelingsinpainting,drawing,sculpture,danceandmusic.

（5）Inoureverydaylivesweproduceandcomprehendlanguagewithsuchapparenteasethatwetakeitforgranted.Yettheeasewithwhichweuselanguagebeliesalevelofcomplexityofimmenseproportions.

=Oureverydayuseofournativelanguage,whethertoexpressourselvesortounderstandothers,issoeasythatwehaveneverrealizedthegreatcomplexitybehindthissimplefact.

Translation

（1）Oncewe’velearnedafewthousandwords,andlearnedthewaysourlanguageallowsustoputthemtogetherintosentences,wecansaythingsthatnobodyhaseversaidbefore.

一旦我们掌握了数千个单词和语言所允许的将这些单词组合成句的方法，我们就可以说出别人从未说过的话。

（2）Whenpeopleusetheirfacesorhandstoshowtheirfeelings,they’redoingsomethingthatisverydifferentfromwhattheydowhentheyspeak,write,oruseadeafsignlanguage.

当人们用脸或手来表达情感的时候，他们所做的是一件与说话、书写或者使用聋人手语很不一样的事情。

（3）Languageallowsustotalkaboutourexperienceoftheworldinawaythatnoothermeansofcommunicationcan.

语言使我们能够以一种其他交际手段所不能比拟的方式谈论我们对世界的体验。

（4）那件鲜红的大衣使她在姑娘们中间显得特别突出。

（apartfrom）

Herbrightredcoatsether apart from theothergirls.

（5）我们的触觉能力也可以演绎出一套语言。

（developinto）

Ourabilitytotouchcanalsobedevelopedintoalanguage.

（6）他以蛮横无理的方式对他的助手们发号施令。

Heordershisassistantsaround in a way thatisveryoffensive.

（7）与书面语不同的是，我们在口语中并不是按照段落或章节来组织思想的。

Unlikewriting,ourthoughtsarenotframedinparagraphsorchaptersinspeech.

Unite3

Paraphrasing

（1）ScollonpointsoutthatAthabaskanIndiansconsideritinappropriatetotalktostrangers,andthatthishasanoddeffectwhenanAthabaskanmeetsanon-Athabaskan,whiteorblack.Onewantstogettoknowtheotherbytalkingandtheotherfeelsitisinappropriatetotalkuntiltheyknoweachother.

=AthabaskanIndiansconsiderthatitisinappropriatetotalktopeopletheydonotknow.AccordingtoScollon,thiscausesastrangeeffectwhentheAthabaskanIndiansmeetpeoplefromothercultures.Thenon-AthabaskansmaywanttomakeacquaintancewiththeAthabaskansbytalkingtothem,buttheAthabaskanswillnottalktothenon-Athabaskansbeforetheybecomeacquaintances.

（2）Assheputsit,Gonjansaresoawareoftheindirectfunctionofquestionstoimply

unstatedmeaningthat“thepureinformationquestionhasn'tgotachance.”

=Gonjanstakeitforgrantedthatquestionsarealwaysaskedtoachieveindirectfunctions,sotheyneveraskquestionsforpureinformation.

（3）Thisisthevalueassociatedwith"gettingdowntobrasstacks"and"sticking

tofacts"-valuestakenforgrantedinAmericanbusinessandeducation,andperhapsmoregenerallybyAmericanmen.

=TheAmericansusuallytakeitforgrantedthatincommunicationpeopleshouldbedirectandsaynomoreorlessthanneeded,andthatwhatpeoplesayisexactlywhattheymean.ThisisespeciallytrueinbusinessandeducationandappliesmoretoAmericanmenthantowomen.

（4）Totheextentthatnotwopeoplehaveexactlythesamecommunicative

background,tothatextent,allcommunicationiscross-cultural,andunderstandingcrossculturalcommunicationisameanstounderstandinglanguageatthesametime,itisalsoameanstounderstandingand,onehopes,improvingproblemsandtasksfacingtheworldandthepeopleinit,includingthetaskofteachingandlearningnewlanguages.

=Notwopeoplehavejustthesameculturalbackground.Therefore,allcommunicationiscross-culturaltosomeextent.Inthissense,understandingcross-culturalcommunicationcanhelpusunderstandthenatureoflanguageandtackleproblemsintheworld,especiallythosecausedbyandrelatedtotheuseoflanguage,e.g.obstaclesinforeignlanguageteachingandlearning.

Translation

（1）Justasphysicistsunderstandthenatureofphysicalelementsbyobservingtheir

behaviorinvariousenvironmentsandininteractionwithotherelements,sowe

cometounderstandthenatureoflanguagebyobservingitincommunication

andincontactwithothersystemsofcommunication.

物理学家通过观察物质元素在不同环境中的表现及其与其他物质的相互作用来理解它们的本质。

与此相似，我们通过观察交际中的语言以及语言与其他交际符号系统的关联来认识语言的本质。

（2）Onewholearnstheexplicitvocabularyandgrammarofanewlanguageis

likelytostuffitintotheimplicitparalinguisticanddiscoursecasingsofthe

nativecommunicativesystem.

外语学习者可能会把在一种新的语言中所学的显性的词汇和语法填充到母语交际系统中隐性的语篇框架或副语言外壳里。

（3）Associalnetworksarealwayslocal,notglobal,peopleindifferentcommunitieshavedifferentwaysofusinglinguisticmeanstocommunicativeends,andtheirwaysoftalking,likeotherculturalpatterns,definethemasacommunity.

社交网络总是区域性而非全球性的，不同社区的人有不同的语言手段来实现交际目标，与其他文化模式一样，人们说话的方式将他们界定为一个“（言语）社区”。

（4）你很可能会发现很多人对语言的形式和功能还抱有老一套的看法。

Youareverylikelytofindmanypeoplewhohave stereotypedideasabouttheformsandfunctionsoflanguage.

（5）请让我详细地说明我的建议。

Pleaseletmeelaborateonmyproposal.

（6）失控的通货膨胀加深了工薪阶层的痛苦。

Runawayinflationfurtherplaguedthewage-orsalary-earner.

（7）这样的笑话容易加重种族偏见。

Suchjokestendto reinforce racialstereotypes.

Unite4

Paraphrasing

（1）Theyareontheroadtoacquiringthesoundsystemoftheirlanguage.

=Theyareintheprocessofacquiringthesoundsystemoftheirlanguage.

（2）Sometimearoundthechild’sthirdbirthday,giveortakesixmonths,languagetakesagiantleap,andchildrenstartproducinglongsentenceswithvaryingdegreesofmorphologicalandsyntacticcomplexity.

=Sometimearoundthechild’sthirdbirthday,sixmonthsearlierorlater,thereisgreatprogressinchildren’slanguagelearningandchildrenstartproducinglongsentenceswithvaryingdegreesofmorphologicalandsyntacticcomplexity.

（3）TheygleanthelinguisticrulesofEnglishfromsentencesspokenbynativespeakers,whohaveacoherentgrammar,notthosespokenbytheirparents,whomightwellhaveanincoherentgrammarinEnglish.

=TheycollectandlearnthelinguisticrulesofEnglishfromsentencesspokenbynativespeakers,whohaveacoherentgrammar,notthosesentencesspokenbytheirparents,whomightwellhaveanincoherentgrammarinEnglish.

（4）Sometimes,however,thelanguageblossoms.

=Sometimes,however,thesecretlanguagebetweenchildrendevelopsverywell.

（5）Wearehard-wiredtoprocessandproducenaturalhumanlanguage.

=Wearebornwiththenaturalabilitytoprocessandproducenaturalhumanlanguage.

（6）Weacquireourspecificnaivelanguageinanaturalwaybysiftingthrough

whatweareexposedtoorwhatwecratewiththeUGprinciplesthatwearebornwith.

=Weacquireourspecificnativelanguageinanaturalway,byexaminingcarefullywhatweareexposedtoorwhatwecreatewiththeUGprinciplesthatwearebornwith.

Translation

（1）Inthesestudiesthechildren'srecognitionofEnglishisindicatedbyincreased

eyeactivityandheartbeat,ratherthanthesmileandbabblingthatRobertproduced,butthestudiesweredownunderlaboratoryconditions,whereasRobertssituationwasasocialone.

在这些研究中，儿童可以识别英语的证据是眼睛活动增多、心跳加快，而不是罗伯特做出的那种笑脸和咿呀声，但是这些研究是在实验室环境中做的，而罗伯特所在的是社会自然场景。

（2）Isaidslowlyandloudly"MilkYouhavetosay‘milk’"Nicksaidslowlyand

loudly“Awamih."That'swhenIfinallygotit.Hewassaying,"Iwantmilk,"a

wholesentence,notjustasingleword.

我缓慢而大声地说：

“milk（牛奶），要说milk。

”尼克也缓慢而大声地说：

“Awamih。

”这时我才发现，原来他是在说“Iwantmilk（我要牛奶）”，是一整个句子，而不仅仅是一个词

（3）Achildwhospeaksalanguagethathasoperatorsthatfollowtheobjectsthey

operateon（suchasalanguageinwhichtheverbfollowstheobject,giving

somethinglike"bookread"insteadoffreadbook"）,forexample,willusethe

oppositewordorderfromthatofachildwhospeaksEnglish.

比如，如果在一个儿童所说的语言中，操纵者出现在被操纵的物体后面

（例如有的语言把动词放在宾语后面，会说“书-读”，而不是“读-书”），那么这个儿童就会使用与说英语的儿童相反的词序。

（4）当今科技最大益处之一就是能使我们接触真正的外语。

Oneofthegreatbenefitsoftechnologytodayistheabilitytoexposeourselvestorealforeignlanguage.

（5）非母语元素为英语带来了一些新元素。

Non-nativespeakersofEnglishintroducedsomenewelementsintothelanguage.

（6）刚到美国时他对英语只有最基本的了解，但是很快就说得很流利了。

HecametoAmericawithonlysomerudimentaryknowledgeofEnglishbutsoonbecameaprettyfluentspeaker.

Unite5

Paraphrasing

（1）Iamnotnecessarilysuggestingthatcross-culturaltrainingmighteventuallybeseentobeinvain-Ibel