涉海英语读写教程课后答案unit2.docx

1、涉海英语读写教程课后答案unit2Unit 2 Marine BiologyText A Part IUnderstanding and LearningBackground information1. Marine biologyMarine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. Given that in biology many phyla(类群), families and genera(属) have some spe

2、cies that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy（分类学）. Marine biology differs from marine ecology as marine ecology is focused on how organisms interact with each other and the environment, and biology is the s

3、tudy of the organisms themselves.Marine life is a vast resource, providing food, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute si

4、gnificantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earths climate. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.Marine biology covers a great deal, from the microscopic, including most zooplankton and phytopla

5、nkton to the huge cetaceans (whales) which reach up to a reported 30 meters (98 feet) in length.2. Hydrothermal ventsA hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planets surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where t

6、ectonic plates （地壳板块）are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles（喷气孔） and geysers. Under the sea, hydrothermal

7、 vents may form features called black smokers. Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. Chemosynthetic archaea（古生菌） form the base o

8、f the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp. Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiters moon Europa, and ancient hydrothermal vents have been speculated to exist on Mars.Detailed Study of the Text1. Some of the current events

9、 in marine biology are highlighted in the upcoming paragraphs. (Para. 1)Meaning: In the following paragraphs, some of the current events in biology are being emphasized and make you think about them.2. Due to the depletion of ozone layer, the floating planktons are at risk of getting exposed to dele

10、terious rays of the sun. (Para. 3)Meaning: Because the ozone layer is decreased markedly, the floating planktons are facing the danger of being exposed to harmful rays of the sun.depletion: n. the act of decreasing something markedlyThe Clean Air Act of 1970, the year the EPA was established, was ev

11、en more robust, and subsequent amendments in 1977 and 1990 addressed ozone depletion and acid rain. 1970年制订的空气清洁法案，即在EPA成立那一年，实施力度更为强硬，随后分别在1977年和1990年两次修订法案，增加了导致臭氧层损害和酸雨的条款。deplete v. use up (resources or materials)This suggests that there remains a substantial need to deplete stocks further. 这表明当

12、前需要进一步削减存货量。deleterious a. harmful to living things The oxides of nitrogen can have deleterious effects on materials, vegetation, and animal and human life. 氮的氧化物对物质、植物、动物和人类生活有毒害效应。Month after month, reports mount of the deleterious effects of rising carbon levels. 月复一月，一篇篇关于碳元素增加、有害环境的报告不断累积。3. Si

13、nce iron is a rare nutrient in the ocean, many scientists are of the opinion that introduction of iron dust will favor the growth of plankton, ultimately helping in carbon absorption and reducing global warming. (Para.4)Meaning: Since iron is a rare nutrient in the ocean, many scientists hold the op

14、inion that the leading-in of iron dust will promote the growth of plankton, thus being helpful to absorb carbon and reduce global warming.Note: Please note the present participle in the sentence “, ultimately helping in carbon absorption and reducing global warming.” It is functioned as adverbial of

15、 result. It is usually put at the end of the sentence.e.g. The new machines will work faster, ultimately reducing our cost.The snow lasted a week, ultimately resulting in a serious confusion in the whole area.nutrient: n. any substance that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build

16、tissue a. of or providing nourishmentIn the Southern Ocean, iron is indeed the limiting nutrient. 在南冰洋海域，铁元素是限制性营养元素。In her first book she explained the role of vegetable fibers, vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients.在她第一本书中，她解释了植物纤维、维生素、矿物质和其他重要营养物质的作用。The amount and type of carbohydrat

17、e in pet food affects the nutrient value the animal actually gets. 宠物食品中碳水化合物的数量和种类会影响动物实际得到的营养价值。4. If the result is not satisfactory, there is not point in using fish just for the sake of extracting oil. (Para. 5)Meaning: If the result of the research is not certain on whether fish oil is really g

18、ood for health or not, there is no meaning to kill fish in order to obtain oil from it.extract v. obtain from a substance；remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract senseCitric acid can be extracted from the juice of oranges, lemons, limes or grapefruit.柠檬酸可以从橙汁、柠檬汁、酸橙汁或柚子汁中

19、提取。A dentist may decide to extract the tooth to prevent recurrent trouble.牙医可能会决定拔掉这颗牙，以防复发。Britains trade figures can no longer be extracted from export-and-import documentation at ports.英国的贸易数字再也不能从各港口的进出口文件中摘取了。He sought to extract the maximum political advantage from the cut in interest rates.他力

20、图从利息削减中谋取最大的政治利益。5. The prime cause for transmission of this human pathogen to marine corals is the disposal of untreated wastewater or sewage that makes its way to seawater.(Para.6)Meaning: The main cause for sending this human pathogen to marine coral is that wastewater or sewage are untreated bef

21、ore they flow into the sea.prime: a. most important in a situationPolitical stability, meanwhile, will be a prime concern.与此同时，政治稳定将是头等大事。a. of the best possible qualityThe location of these beaches makes them prime sites for development.这些海滩的位置使它们成为开发的最佳选址。a. of a particular kind of thing that is a

22、bsolutely typical.The prime example is Macys, once the undisputed king of California retailers.最典型的例子是梅西百货，它曾是加州零售商们公认的王者。n. being at the best stage of developmentWeve had a series of athletes trying to come back well past their prime.我们有不少早已过了鼎盛时期的运动员在试图复出。v. insert a primer into (a gun, mine, or c

23、harge) preparatory to detonation or firingHe was priming the bomb to go off in an hours time. 他正在做准备，以让炸弹在一小时后爆炸。6. Thus, in order to save the Elkhorn coral, stringent care should be taken while treating wastewater. (Para.6)stringent: a. demanding strict attention to rules and proceduresHe announced

24、 that there would be more stringent controls on the possession of weapons.他宣布在持有武器方面将会有更严格的控制。Lenders demand higher credit scores, bigger deposits and more stringent proof of income.借贷方要求更高的信誉等级，更多的保证金以及更为严格的收入证明。The Fund argued that the less stringent target would provide fiscal space and boost eco

25、nomic growth.国际货币基金组织认为较为宽松的目标会留有一些财政空间，刺激经济增长。7. Since the chemistry of corals is somewhat similar to human bone, it is used to replace bone grafts.graft: n. (surgery) tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipientI am having a skin graft on my arm soon. 我很快就要做手臂的植皮手术了。v. cause to grow to

26、gether parts from different plantsPear trees are grafted on quince rootstocks. 梨树被嫁接到榅桲的根茎上。You could see that the last part of the report had just been grafted on as an afterthought.你可以看出，这份报告的最后部分像是事后想起加上去的。8. Various studies have revealed that coral material contains negligible amounts of protein

27、, and hence, it shows no inflammatory response. (Para.7)negligible: a. so small as to be meaningless; insignificantThe pay that the soldiers received was negligible. 士兵得到的津贴微乎其微。It has negligible support among young people and ethnic minorities.它在年轻人和少数民族选民中得到的支持微乎其微。inflammatory：a. characterized or

28、 caused by inflammation Vitamin D has been shown to repress exaggerated inflammatory responses by inhibiting that cytokine cross talk. 维生素D已被证明能够抑制细胞素的交互作用，以抑制过度的发炎反应。a. arousing to action or rebellionShe described his remarks as irresponsible, inflammatory and outrageous. 她称他的话不负责任、具煽动性且极端无礼。9. If

29、the proposal of obtaining biofuel from seaweed is feasible, it will be a priceless contribution for solving energy crisis that we are facing at present. (Para. 8)feasible: a. capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they areIt is now widely accepted that averting serious climate

30、 change is technically feasible and economically affordable. 现在普遍认为，避免严重的气候变化技术上是可行的，经济上也是负担得起的。We should take active attitude and feasible countermeasures to stride over the green trade barrier. 我们应该采取积极的态度和切实可行的对策以跨越绿色贸易壁垒的障碍。Part IIKey to ExercisesPre-reading questions:1. Marine biology is the sc

31、ientific study of organisms/marine lives in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water.2. There are marine animals, fungi, marine plants and algae, and Microscopic life. Marine animals include birds, fish, invertebrates, mammals and reptiles. Marine life is a vast resource, providing food

32、, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earths climate. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.3. 10 Easy Ways to Help Marine Life Choose sustainable seafood Limit y