1、Johnson中高口翻译必背词汇精析Johnson中高口翻译必背词汇精析(一)之前,Johnson已经为大家列出了翻译考试必背课文以及考试的热点,但是,千里之行,始于足下。从今天起,Johnson将对真题和课本中的难点词汇进行精析,夯实大家的翻译基础,也为同学们顺利通过考试保驾护航。今天,我们进入第一个热点主题“上海”。必背词汇1:开埠 open to foreign traders;become a seaport city(2010秋中口真题汉译英篇)课本链接及精析:高口口译课本P165 中也讲到了上海的字面意思“海上之埠”,这里对“埠”应理解为“港口”的意思,所以一般翻译为“a port
2、 on the sea”或者“seaport city”.必背词汇2:兼容并蓄 combine A with B/a (harmonious) combination of A with B(2010秋中口真题汉译英篇、2006.9高口真题汉译英)精析:“四字格”本身就是翻译考试的一大难点及高频考点。这个“四字格”在上海文化及政治外交场合均出现过,并且横跨中高级口译,是考生必背的词汇。很多同学面对“四字格”都会莫名惶恐,这里对其应采用我课上所讲过的“减法及白话释义原则”,对其先简化为“兼并”二字并通过白话文做出简单解释,即“结合”,这样我们就可以用相应的英语单词进行对应翻译了。类似的例子还有“
3、日新月异”(2010秋中口真题汉译英篇)等等,同学可自己想想如何运用减法及白话释义原则进行翻译,而考场上,条条大路通罗马,只要做出合理解释,都是过关的好译文。Johnson 精析中高口翻译必背词汇(二)在这一讲中,让我们聚焦经贸类词汇,参考课文是中口翻译课本206页的中美经贸发展与中美关系。需要重点识记的是课文中的高频经贸趋势类词汇,具体归纳如下: 积极趋势词汇:推动(v.) propel, promote这是政经中经常出现的模板词,包括“推动经济建设”及课文中的“推动新世纪中美关系全面健康发展”等等。在这里,最精确的译法是“propel”, 这是个很具画面感的词,其名称 “propeller
4、”表示飞机的推进器,非常形象。但考生如果出现考场提笔忘字的现象,不妨采用“绕译法”译为“promote”,这是个“百搭”词汇,既可以表示“推动”,也可以表示“促进”、“提高”等等。用这种方式,未必完美,但至少完整,可保证考试时及格的底线分。 消极趋势词汇:波折(n.) fluctuations, twists and turns, ups and downs衍生政治类相关用词:动乱(n.):chaos, turmoil,turbulence停滞(v.) stagnate(n.) stagnation衍生政治类相关用词:僵局(n.) stalemate, deadlock (尤其指谈判类) 这些
5、词汇同学可通过模块单词进行系统归纳,并且注意在政治和经济情况下的合理选择和运用。需要加强记忆的是stagnation, 这个词有一个很有趣的衍生词汇,叫做stagflation. 有时候将单词一分为二,大家可以看到两个完全不同的世界。这里stagflation 是stagnation (停滞)和inflation (通货膨胀)的结合体,意思表示“滞涨”,即由经济停滞引起的通货膨胀。通过这种记忆方法,相信大家也可以做到事半功倍。Johnson精析中高口翻译必背词汇(三)今天,让我们来聚焦中口课本P217的课文2010年上海世界博览会。 必背难点词汇:时代性、独创性和普遍性。(世博会主题的三大特点
6、)对于这三个词汇,如果按照词典式翻译法,直接译为:contemporaneity、originality 和universality,在翻译中称为“死译”,即译得特别死板,无法体现出字面背后的实质内容。在这里,课本译文译为:reflecting the spirit of our time, being original in concept和having the universal significance,但这些译文仅可相信,绝不可迷信。翻译本身就是条条大路通罗马的过程,建议考生还可按其本质做注释翻译,如“时代性”即“与时俱进”,译为“keeping pace with time”, “t
7、ouching the pulse of the modern era”均为上佳的译文。除此以外,这三个词的共同点是“性”这个词,这个词在翻译中也是个高频考点。比如:我们要意识到反腐败问题的长期性、艰巨性和复杂性。这句例句中的三个“性”,用词典式翻译法是根本在词典中找不到对应单词的,而这里, “性”更不能想当然译为“sex”. 因此笔者还是建议考生之前先对其进行注释,其实“sex”在这里的本质是“性质”,即 “nature”,因此译为: the long-term, arduous and complicated nature 更符合其本意。字典是死的,语言环境是鲜活的。这一讲的重点是希望同学
8、能按照语言环境,简称语境进行相应注释及转换,并最终完成两种不同语言的准确转换。Johnson 精析中高口翻译必背词汇(四)今天,让我们聚焦中口翻译教程P235 亚太经济合作组织与中国一文,对这一热点话题所出现的难点词汇做解析。 必背词汇:(贸易投资)自由化 liberalization(商业活动) 便利化 facilitation这两个词汇的关键点在于对“化”一词的翻译处理。“化”这种讲法是“五.四”运动之后语言进化的产物,在运动之前中文里是不带“化”的,而运动之后,这种“化”的文字现象愈演愈烈,一般的译文都用“-ization”的后缀形式进行翻译,比如“现代化”-modernization;
9、 “全球化”-globalization; “无核化”- denuclearization等等。一般情况下可以屡试不爽,文中的“自由化”也通过这种后缀方式进行翻译。但对于诸如“便利化”的翻译,如硬性添加“-ization”的后缀,便会变得不伦不类,因此这种译法往往会成为译者的桎梏。对于“化“现象的翻译,关键需根据翻译的目标语言(这里是英语)的语言习惯,进行习惯化处理。比如商业活动便利化,即便利于商业活动,这种译文相对更符合facilitation的拼写习惯。其他例子还有:1.国际关系民主化,这里对于“民主化”不能生造单词“democracization”, 其实仔细一想,无非就是实施民主的意思
10、。因此参考译文为practise democracy in international relations. 2.教育大众化,这里又不能硬译。一般可提供的参考用词是public-oriented/based/driven education. 只要体现出“大众”的趋势,都可以作为合格的译文。K 关于新闻 高频地点:战:Afghanistan Kosovo Yugoslavia Korea North Korea(Pyongyang) Gaza Israel Palestine India (New Delhi)Pakistan油:Iran Kuwait Saudi Arabia Venezue
11、la 军:Washington (White House/Oval Office/Pentagon) London(Downing Street 10) Moscow(Kremlin)人名Ban Ki-Moon 潘基文Obama 奥巴马Sarkozy 萨科齐Bernanke 伯南克Perez 佩雷斯Medvedev 梅德韦杰夫缩略词APECOPECUNESCO NATO NASA NASDAQ HAMAS GNPGDPCPI PPIWTO WHO附“中高级口译常见新闻英语词汇合集”Accord: agreement 协议,条约treaty;protocol Air: to make known
12、, broadcast 广播,播放Assail: To criticize strongly 谴责Axe: To dismiss from a job; To cut, destroy, take away 大幅削减Back: To support 支持embrace Balk: To refuse to accept 拒绝;阻碍 Ban: Prohibition; prohibit 禁止Bar: Not to allow, exclude 排外;禁止Bid: Attempt, offer 企图;努力 in a bid toBilk: To cheat 欺骗swindleBlast: Expl
13、osion; strong criticism; To criticize strongly; strike with explosives爆炸;严厉批评Blaze: Fire 火;火焰Blow: Injury / disappointment suffered 遭受到的不幸或打击Boost: Promotion/promote, increase, support 促进fuel Chide: Ridicule 责骂;奚落Claim: To declare to be true; To kill 声称;夺命Clash: Dispute, violent argument, Battle (n.
14、); To disagree strongly; fight (v.) 冲突Cool: Uninterested; unfriendly 冷漠indifferent Curb: Restraint, limit 限制;抑制Deadlock: A disagreement that cannot be settled 僵局stalemate Deal: Agreement 共识;协议Drive: Campaign, effort 运动;事业Due: Expected 到期;预计到Envoy: Diplomat 特使 Eye: To watch with interest 凝视;盯着 Face:
15、Undergo 面临;经历Fault: To find in the wrong 找茬;吹毛求疵Feud: Dispute, strong disagreement 世代结仇;斗争Flay: To accuse; criticize strongly 严厉指责Foe: Opponent; enemy 敌人;仇敌;rival Foil: To prevent from succeeding 阻挠 Gems: Jewels 珠宝;珍宝Go-ahead: Approval 同意;许可Grab: Seize, win 抓住;赢得Grip: To take hold of 把握Gut: To destr
16、oy completely by fire 损毁(内部);彻底烧毁Halt: Stop 停滞standstill Haul: Large quantity which has been stolen and later discovered 失而复得Head: To lead, direct 朝向 Head off: To prevent 阻止Held: To restrict 限制 Heist: Theft 抢夺 Hit: To affect badly 打击 Hold: To keep in police control; detain 拘留;拘押in custody Ink: To si
17、gn 签署put pen to Jet: Aero plane 喷气飞机Jobless: Unemployed 失业Key: Essential, vital, very, important 关键crucial; pivotal Kick off: To begin 开始 Lash out: To criticize strongly; accuse 指责;控诉 Laud: To praise 表彰acclaim Launch: To begin 开启;启动Line: Position; demand 排列Link: To connect 连接Loom: Expected in the ne
18、ar future 隐约出现Loot: To take away of valuable goods unlawfully (v.); Stolen money or goods (n.) 洗劫;抢夺 Man: Representative Nab: To capture 抢夺;盗窃Net: To total; To capture 总额;捕获Nod: Approval 同意 Ordeal: Painful experience, drama 痛苦;严峻考验;折磨Office: An important government position 政府职位Opt: Choose; decide 选
19、择 opt forOust: To take power away from, push out, drive out, replace 驱逐;剥夺Output: Production 产出Pact: Agreement, treaty 协议 Pay: Wages, salary 工资Pit: Coal mine 煤矿;坑 Plea: Request for help 恳求 Pledge: Promise 许诺make commitment Plunge: Steep fall 暴跌Poised: Ready for action 泰然自若;平衡balanced Poll: Election,
20、 public opinion survey; Voting station 投票;公投Post: Position in government, business, etc.职位 Press for: To demand, ask for 要求 Probe: investigation 调查Prompt: To cause 促使Push: Encourage, support 鼓励;激励Quit: Leave, resign 放弃abort 废除Quiz: Question, interrogation 调查Rage: To burn out of control 激烈地进行;肆虐Raid:
21、 Attack, robbery 攻击,突击Rap: Accusation; charge; To criticize, reprimand 指责;指控Riddle: Mystery 谜 Rock: To shock; to surprise 惊人Rout: To defeat completely 击溃;溃败Row: To quarrel, argument, dispute 争吵Rule: To decide (especially in court) 判决;裁决Rule out: To not consider as a possibility 排除Sack: Dismiss from
22、a job 开除;下岗Sack (from “ransack”): To search thoroughly and rob 洗劫Scare: Public alarm 恐慌panic Set: Decide on, ready 考虑,决定 Slam: criticize 批评;抨击Smash: defeat 打败;重创Slay: To kill or murder 杀死annihilate 彻底消灭Snag: Problem; difficulty 意想不到的障碍Snub: To pay no attention to 冷落;怠慢Soar: To rise rapidly 飙升Solon:
23、legislator 立法者legislator; Congressman; Law-makerSpark: To cause; to lead to action促使;导致trigger; prompt Split: To divide 分离Squeeze: Shortage, scarcity 紧锁Stalemate: A disagreement that cannot be settled 僵局deadlockStall: Making no progress 使停滞;陷入泥潭Stance: Attitude, way of thinking 立场 Stem: To prevent o
24、r stop 阻止curb Storm: Angry reaction, dispute 暴怒;猛冲Strife: conflict 冲突Sway: To influence or persuade 动摇;影响Swindle: An unlawful way of getting money 诈骗 fraud; scam Switch: Change, deviation 变化Swoop: Sudden attack or raid 突袭;assault; forayTalks: discussion 谈判;negotiation; consultation Thwart: To preven
25、t from being successful 阻止;hinder, impedeTies: relations 关系;links; bondsTop: To exceed 超过; surpass; Tot: Child 孩子 Toddler 幼童Trim:To cut 削减;slash 大幅削减Trigger:To cause 导致,诱发;Urge: insist, strongly request 敦促;呼吁; call for.; Vie:To compete 竞争Void:To determine to be invalid 作废;使无效;Vow:To promise 宣誓,pledge; swear; Walkout:Strike (often unofficial) ; stage a walkout 罢工Wed: To marry 结婚Wedlock: Marriage 婚姻Weigh:To consider 斟酌了、考虑
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