最新收集新东方新题型阅读B和小作文笔记word版本2.docx

1、最新收集新东方新题型阅读B和小作文笔记word版本2阅读理解B部分讲义及练习题（北京新东方）一、大纲要求 1篇文章(500-600词)，测试文章结构，共10分，该节共5题，主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。二、出题形式以及特点 1出题位置 句子(段首,段中,段尾 ,缺1句或1个以上的句子) 段落(一般是一段)该节分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词，其中有5段空白处空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段未，但不会是文章的第一句，一般情况下也不会是最后一句。选项部分为6或7文字，每段可能

2、是一个句子，可能是两三个短句，也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处。2 出题数量非等额选项（题目5道，6-7个选项）3 测试重点考生需要认真搞清楚主干内容和结构上的关系和布局，从而分辨出选项部分从结构和内容上看是属于文章的哪个部分，并可以与空白处的上下文有机地衔接起来。一般情况下不可能有特别明显的词汇、句子等语言方面的提示，也并不要求考生过分关注某一具体的细节；而是要着眼于全文，在理解全文内容、文章结构、逻辑关系（如时间、地点、因果关系、从属关系等）的基础之上方能做出正确选择。三、文章的结构1 描述性

3、结构(主要介绍事物 、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往是出题重点) 2 释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述) 3 比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比) 4 原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的) 5 驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点)。以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完型填句（段）题型的出题原则。四、完形填句（段）题解题步骤 1 阅读文章题目附近的句子，

4、锁定目标答案可能的特征 2 阅读选择项，寻找特征词 特征词：代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等 3 回头再去看原文，明确15位置 开头常是主题句，不行再看前和尾 中间不忘主题句，前瞻后望找启示 末尾常是下结论，也可排比和例子 4 用代入法通读全文，检查答案是否合理 五、完形填句（段）题的解题技巧1 就近原则寻找信息线索 2 选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。 3 选项中出现代词时，往往该选项往往不能放在首句，往往要注意指代成立的条件。 it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数

5、名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子。4 绝对常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心 5 警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案 6 选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是选项 7 总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文 8 完形填句题常考的逻辑关系词 并列和递进关系 标志词：and, indeed,also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too 前后句

6、子的名词或意思具有同指性 转折或让步的对立关系 标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况：a.褒贬对立；b.句式结构对立，前肯后否、前否后肯 例证关系 标志词 ：for example, for instance.for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely, verify出题模式：a. 总结说明 例子(例证)，总结说

7、明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；for example, for in stance此时前面往往有复数名词或表述概念句子。b. 例子(例证) 总结说明，总结说明提前往往伴有提示词：thus ,therefore, in conclusion, as a result 定义关系有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾 下定义的方式有：a：判断句：A is B；b：名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容)；c：名词 +同位语；d：名词+be called+名词；e：by+名词(被定义对象)+be meant + 名词(定义内容)。下定义时所伴随的过度词：namely, in

8、other words, that is to say, or rather 9 放在段首的句子的特点 当选项或某段段首会含有betweenand ,eitheror, not onlybut also； 复数名词时，那么该段将是总分结构，其中提到的名词可能定是线索； 会有标点符号：或； 10 放在段尾的句子有时也会有提示词： 因果连词：therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence 总结性连词：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word 转折性连词：but, nevertheless 六 完

9、形填句（段）通用的解题方法 1 主旨解题法2 同现关系 3 复现关系 4 逻辑关系与解题法 5 数单词个数解题法 完形填句（段）题型示范及练习第一篇（样题）Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not f

10、it in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants ali

11、ve now . 41)Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the p

12、lants that grew on it, and even of its climate.42)_Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting

13、.43) There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They

14、were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.44)_Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousa

15、nds of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .45)_ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals t

16、hough now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.BNevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved

17、 in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on la

18、nd and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the

19、 air .DThe best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .EThe earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-

20、lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .FWhen an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea it

21、s body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .GMany factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leav

22、e only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .本篇介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构的脉络清晰：首先介绍什么是史前动物和我们研究史前动物的依据化石，以及化石形成的过程。随后，作者即按照动物进化的顺序我们可以见到其化石的最早的动物，水生壳类动物，脊椎类动物逐一加以介绍。 41文章一开始，作者告诉我们，早在人类出现以前地球上就许多物种，现在有些物种的后代依然生存，而另外一些则没有留下后裔。在本题空白处后面文章又说岩石上偶尔会留下数百万年前就死掉了的动物精确的印记。显然，空白处应该是关于岩石与灭绝了的动物之间的关系（7个

23、选项中有ABEG四项提到了“rock”,但另外大三项意思上不符）。此外，空白处前面的“extinct”和“no descendant”均为否定意义和表达，而空白处的后面“accurate”和“much”则为肯定意义的表达；这意味着空白处的内容应该有一个结构上的“转折只有B项符合这一条件。所以正确答案只能是B。42本题具有相当的难度。由于G项一开始就有“how fossils ate preserved” ,与上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是G项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism”可能转达化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们“Nearly all of the fossil

24、s that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用与上下文相符合。43本题选择的线索有两条：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures ,空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化（进化）中的动物。E项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found”,符合文章写作的顺序。B项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。4

25、4本题选择的主要根据是：下文一开始就有“Of these,”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的复，作者改变句子起始的模式这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。 45从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断的进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有C项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没

26、有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有C项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是C。（解释的资料来源于全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试分析）第二篇Directions:In the following article, some sentences

27、have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)English has become the worlds number one language in the 20t

28、h century. In every country where English is not the native language，especially in the Third World，people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities，if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries. 41) .42)_.Nonetheless，a world full of different languages will dis

29、appear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education，trade and even politics continues. 43) The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper

30、 education. According to many studies，only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction（English）as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everyth

31、ing. They seem to believe that if the students speak English，they are already knowledgeable. 44)_ _ All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities，including education. From a psychological point of view，those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view，the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start. 45)_ _ There is nothing wrong，however，in learning a for