语言学的发展体系.docx

1、语言学的发展体系: ( ) :, , - : (1)(historical comparative linguistics): . : 19 , (historical linguistics) (comparative linguistics) . 19 .19 :18 聖典語 : - 19 , . 2 , .- - . , 18 , 19 . 1786, William Jones .1808 Friedrich von Schlegel , .1814 Rasmus Kristian Rask - . .1819 Jacob Grimm Dertscbe Grammatik . (Gri

2、mms law)(Structural linguistics) Saussure(F.de Saussure) 20 . . , . . . . 19 , , , . Saussure1916 , .Saussure .Saussure : (langue) (parole) . Noam Chomsky (performance), (competence) . . Saussure . , (, signifier) (, signified) . . . . . (linguistic symbol) . .Saussure () () . (signifiant) (signifi)

3、 . . 3 : (cole de Prague). ( ) 192610 . Saussure . . . , . (N. Trubetskoy) (1993)(R. Jakobson) V. Mathesius (N. Trubetskoy) (N. Trubetskoy) , (neutralization), (markedness) . (phonological opposition) . (feature) . , (bilateral) (multilateral) . . . (homogeneous) (heterogeneous) . (linear) (non-line

4、ar) . (propositional) (isolated) . (mark) (privative) . (gradual) . . (constant) . (neutralizable) . (Generative Phonology) . MIT M.Halle . . (cole de Copenhague). (Glossematics) 1931 . Saussure . . V, C, S . (Viggo Brondal) (Louis Hjelmslev) (1943) (cole de Yale) / . () . , . , . Bloomfield (1933)(

5、phoneme) .* . * (allophone) . (complementary distribution): .* .(construction) (Immediate Constituent): . : .(morph): .*(morpheme): .* : . , . .* (allomorph): .* (zero morpheme), (allomorphic zero), (zero allomorph) : . (minimal free form): , .(Transformational generative grammar) , (corpus) .Chomsk

6、y (1957) . Chomsky, Noam(1928-) . . . , . , . . universal grammar(UG) ( ) (faculty of language) . linguistic competence (潛在的) . linguistic performance . Chomsky .Chomsky . .(generate) . . (1957-1965)Chomsky(1957) 1965 . , , , . (Phrase Structure Rule) . (rewriting) . (Phrase Marker): .(labeled brack

7、etting): . :S NP Det theN boy (obligatory) : . (kernel sentence): . (generalized) : . : , . : , , , , , . (Standard Theory)(1965)Chomsky(1965) . . . . (creativity) . . .* . , , , .* : .* : .* . *Chomsky (Linguistic Competence) . * . * .*Chomsky Saussure : . , . (Surface Structure): . (Deep Structure): , , .