吴耀武之考研基础长难句讲义其一.docx

1、吴耀武之考研基础长难句讲义其一一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spo

2、iled（破坏） the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)第45分钟。分译法。That指代谁？指代例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produc

3、ed by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more

4、 consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 例5. The local government introduced the s

5、nakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed

6、to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation t

7、o one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience learned from the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xian a few days ago.（第一类同位语从句）例2.The rumor that she eloped私奔 with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.例3. However, the conventional view th

8、at education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如Then began a bitter wa

9、r between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。 只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。例1 Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living compute

10、rs”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than todays semiconductor devices.例2 This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in

11、history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.（这是一个孕育希望的世界，“这是一个产生希望的世界”。有史以来第一次在这个社会中，没有欲望，没有恐惧。） 注意：调整语序，加强语气。 以There be引出的倒装句 a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district. b. There exist many problems among the present day students. c. There appears

12、 to be a man in black in the distance. 以副词here, there, then, now, next引出的倒装句 a. Here come the rest of the party. b. Now comes your turn. c. Then followed the discovery of a new compound. d. Next came Edward with his wife.以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句 a. At the school gate stood a guard. b. Under the tree are sitt

13、ing some students. c. On the bed lay a pretty kitten. 主语为代词时，不用倒装 Behind the counter he stood. Behind the counter stood a man with glasses.以表方位的副词引出的倒装句a. Up went the arrow into the air.b. Down fell a dozen apples. c. Off went the horse.not短语置于句首 a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of

14、the fact. b. Not a moment did she waste on campus. c. Not only did I know her, but I was her best friend. d. Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructive.no短语置于句首 a. By no means should he be left alone. b. In no way are can we allow this to continue. c. In no case are you to leave your

15、post.d. On no account should we follow blindly.（我们绝不应该盲从） e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy. f. No longer are they staying with us. g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions.（她刚完成这首诗,学生们就开始去问她问题。）only置于句首 a. Only by this means is it p

16、ossible to explain his failure to act decisively. b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak. c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value. 比较状语从句中的倒装 a. He ran as fast as did the person who came from England. b. I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my posi

17、tion.（我比在我这个位置上的十个人中的九个人花的钱都要少） c. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the conductivity of the material.（一种材料中的自由电子数量越多，这种材料的导电性就越好。） 让步状语从句中的倒装 a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller. b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China

18、over 800 years ago, is a relatively simple device.（尽管火箭复杂，但是它仍然是一个相对比较简单的设备。它在800多年前的中国就被发明出来了。 c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didnt understand. d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you. e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay.（尽管它的类别模糊，但它无可置疑是一篇文章

19、。） f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.四、考研英语长难句之被动语态1.变为汉语的主动形式e.g. In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.可以在他的态度中发现20世纪原始、意象、幻想艺术的种子。e.g. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to

20、 think that animals should be tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.一开始它就把讨论引向了极端：它会促使你认为在对动物做实验时，要么怀着人对他人的关怀，要么就不要有任何关怀。 e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if（un.除非；不仅甚至；conj.只有

21、当） the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 整体上说，可以充满自信地得出这样一个结论，但除非这个孩子可以被假定为他对测试的态度和对照组对待测试的态度一致，甚至他不会由于缺乏他们掌握的相关信息而受到惩罚。 e.g. In genera

22、l, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 通常，当要被测量的数据能被精确地界定时，测试工作最有效；当要被测量或预测的数据不能被很好地界定时，则最没效。2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是的”， “由的”等。e.g. The movement to oppose raci

23、al discrimination was personally （亲自）initiated and led by a famous Negro（黑人） leader.反对种族歧视的运动是由一个著名的黑人领袖亲自发起和领导的。e.g. This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Yunnan. 这张照片是我弟弟到云南时拍摄的。3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。e.g. For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for

24、fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.考虑到这台电脑所能提供的帮助，它应该被视为基础性的思考和推理技能的替代者。e.g. It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.应该让全体公民都清楚任何人享受权利的同时也必须承担相应的义务。 e.g. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our

25、 personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.那些支持斗争的自然属性的人认为，我们的个性和行为方式在很大程度上取决于生物因素。e.g. How well the predictions will be validated（vt. 证实，验证；确认；使生效）by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness（适应性） of the information used and o

26、n the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 预言能多好地被随后的表现所验证，取决于被使用信息的数量、可靠度和适应性，还取决于解释它时的技巧和智慧。4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。e.g. With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.伴随着新技术，人们声称测量工具精确了许多。e.g. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind

27、can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.人们认为普通人的思维不能和那些经过一系列特殊训练的科学家相比较。？e.g. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented （vi.&vt.&n.增加；增大）by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms

28、 of evidence in the historical study.在这次变化中，由于新增加了方法，人们扩大了历史学研究方法，这些新增方法被设计出来用于解释历史研究中新形式证据。？综合例题：Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.（2007年真题）传统上，人们认为法律

29、学习是属于如律师这样的特殊圈子的，而不是一个受过教育的人的知识工具中必不可少的一部分。五、 考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause 注意： 先翻从句部分， 再翻形容词/名词部分。a. So it is quite sad when divorces come with small provocations, when parents and children give up on one another, when friendships falter at the first injury, for thus【 conj.

30、因此adv. 因此；从而；这样；如此】we forfeit a great work of artthe long love.当因为小小的挑拨就离婚，当父母和孩子放弃对方，当友谊在第一次受伤后蹒跚，我们也从而丧失了伟大的艺术长久的爱情，这实在是让人悲伤。【forfeitn. 罚金；没收物；丧失的东西adj. 因受罚而丧失的；被没收的vt. （因犯罪、失职、违约等）丧失（权利、名誉、生命等）】b. It is thus no exaggeration that Americans have taken to mechanical cooling avidly and greedily.【avid

31、ly and greedily情有独钟,贪得无厌】因此可以毫不夸张的的说，美国人对机械制冷情有独钟。 c. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions.【as a result of adv.因此，由于；作为的结果】由于这冲突的证据，因劳动力市场问题而严重受损的

32、人是成千上万还是数以百万计，目前还无法确定。2. It is + adjective + infinitive to注意： 先翻不定式部分， 再翻形容词部分。 a. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.利用公费，对老师或护士进行数年的培训，而她们却在随后一两年结婚或永远地离开自己的职业，这种做法是极度的浪费。 b. It is essential for modern men to master one or two foreign languages.掌握一两门外语，对于现代的人们来说很有必要。