私人参与公共运输系统研究.docx

1、私人参与公共运输系统研究PPIAFStudy of Systems of Private Participation in Public Transport私人参与公共运输系统研究London伦敦(英国首都)June 2005 2005年6月Prepared by : Brendan FinnTable 1 : Basic Data表1:基础数据City城市London伦敦Area地区London 伦敦Country国家England, UK英国Transport Authority运输机构Greater London Authority大伦敦机构Agency Name代理机构名称Transp

2、ort for London伦敦运输URL一致资源定址器www.tfl.gov.uk Area of coverage覆盖区域Greater London area大伦敦地区Population人口(urban)(市区)(suburban)(郊区)7,388,000Area 地区(urban)(市区)(suburban)(郊区)Central London 大伦敦 27 sq. km.Rest of Inner London剩余的伦敦内城 294 sq. km.Outer London 伦敦以外 1,259 sq. km.All Greater London整个大伦敦 1,579 sq. km

3、.Procurement basis获得基础Open competitive tendering on route or route lot basis for standard 5-year contracts on gross-cost basis with quality incentives公开的竞争性投标标的是有质量激励的标准5年总成本合同基础上的路线或是路线用地.Transport modes运输形式Bus, underground, commuter rail, LRT公交,地铁,往返火车,LRTTable 2 : Political Framework and History

4、of Reform表2: 行政框架和改革历史City城市London伦敦General Political contest普遍的行政竞争Nature of national political system国家行政系统的性质Hierarchy of Authorities国家行政系统的性质Central Government establishes national Transport policy and establishes the legal framework.中央政府建立国家运输政策和法律框架.Greater London Authority (GLA) is the statut

5、ory municipal authority for the Greater London area. The next layer is the Borough, of which there are 33 in the Greater London Area. Each Borough has its own local authority. 大伦敦机构(GLA)是大伦敦地区法定的市政机构.下一层是自治市镇,在大伦敦地区有33个.每一个自治市镇有它自己的当地的机构.The Mayor is directly elected. The GLA is governed by the Lond

6、on Assembly, to which 25 members are elected at the same time as the Mayor. 14 of these are elected from constituencies, and a further 11 from a London-wide list. 市长是直接选举的.GLA由伦敦议会统治,25个成员是和市长同时被选举的.其中14个是从选举区的全体选民中选择的,另外的11个是从伦敦范围的列单中选择的.Allocation of powers among jurisdictions权限的分配In the rest of t

7、he UK, transport authorities have no power over commercial services. They are the authority for services which, under limited circumstances, they procure under contract. 在英国的其他地区,运输机构在商业服务上没有权力.他们只是在有限制的条件下获得合同的机构.The Greater London area is an exception, having been exempted from the deregulation of

8、 the industry under the 1985 Transport Act. Although there have been quite significant changes to the structure of the local authority and the transport authority (e.g. being brought under central government control from 1984-99), the fundamental position of a central transport authority for the Gre

9、ater London area with exclusive regulatory powers has not been altered. 大伦敦地区是一个例外,从1985年的运输法案中工业的撤消管制规定中豁免.尽管在当地机构和运输结构的结构上有很大的重要的变化(例如从1984到1999在中央政府控制下),大伦敦地区的中央运输机构有排外的管理权力的基础位置没有改变.Authorities of adjoining jurisdictions must co-operate for cross-border services. In practice, Transport for Londo

10、n is the dominant entity. 相邻权限的机构必须合作经营跨边界的服务.实际上,伦敦运输是占统治地位的实体.Primary level of transport authority运输管理机构的主要级别The GLA has vested its transport authority in Transport for London (TfL). TfL is responsible for ensuring that an effective public transport service is available, maintained and developed t

11、hroughout the Greater London area.GLA在伦敦运输(TfL)授予它的运输机构. TfL负责确保一个有效的公共运输服务是在整个大伦敦地区可实施的,被保留的,可发展的.Structure of the Transport Authority运输管理机构的结构 Transport for London is responsible to a Board chaired by the Mayor of London, with 13 Board Members and 2 special advisers.伦敦运输对由伦敦市长主持的董事会负责,有13个董事会成员和2个

12、特殊的建议者. The key strategic direction is taken from the Mayors Transport Strategy and the Mayors London Plan. 主要的战略方向是市长运输战略和市长的伦敦战略. Responsibilities include: Buses, Underground, light rail, taxis, TfL Road Network, river piers.责任包括:公交,地铁,轻轨火车,出租车, TfL道路网络,码头. TfLCarries out strategic development, pr

13、epares major infrastructure projects and ensures co-ordination and leadership of schemes with other transport providers. TfL实行战略发展,准备主要的基础设施工程以及确保和其他运输提供者日程的合作和领导. TfL funds transport work by London local authorities.TfL由伦敦当地机构为运输工作筹集资金.Participating entities参与的实体The boroughs of the Greater London a

14、rea.大伦敦地区的自治市镇Funding sources基金来源In 2003-4, the Government, the GLA and 3rd Parties (including PPPs) contributed GBP 2,831 million. Passenger fares, Street Management services, and other services contributed GBP 2,321 million.在2003-4年,政府,GLA和第三组织(包括PPPs)贡献了GBP28亿3100万.乘客票价,街道管理服务以及其他服务贡献了GBP23亿2100万

15、.Entitlement to concessionary travel is authorised by the Boroughs, and they are levied for the associated costs.授予特许旅行由自治市镇管理,他们是需要收费来承担联合的成本.History of Reform改革历史Previous systems先前的系统When Londons urban public transport was brought together in 1933 under the auspices of the London Passenger Transpo

16、rt Board (LPTB), the bus services covered a vast area consisting not only of what is now Greater London but also much of the adjacent counties. Within Greater London, the bus route network was complemented by tram and trolleybus systems. The trams were finally withdrawn in 1952 and the trolleybuses

17、a decade later in 1962, with bus replacements in each case. 当伦敦的市区公共运输被带到1933年在伦敦乘客运输董事会（LPTB）下主办时,公交服务覆盖了一个广阔的地区,不仅有现在的大伦敦,还有大多数临近的郡组成.在大伦敦内,公交路线网络由有轨电车和无轨电车系统补充.有轨电车最后在1952年被撤消,无轨电车在10年后的1962年被撤消,两者都由公交车代替.From 1970 to 1984, London Transport was under the direct control of the Greater London Counc

18、il, and the area for which LT was legally responsible contracted to the present 1 580 square km (610 square miles). A few bus and Underground services continued into outlying areas beyond the Greater London boundary to maintain well-established links. 从1970年到1984年,伦敦运输直接由大伦敦议会控制,LT地区合法负责承办现在的1580平方公

19、里(610平方英里).几个公交和地铁服务继续超过大伦敦边界懂得边远的地区来保留建立的很好的联系.Phasing of replacement替换阶段Transport Authority and regulatory framework Perspective运输机构和管理结构远景Under the London Regional Transport Act 1984, London Transport was again brought under central Government control. The Act required LT to set up subsidiary com

20、panies to run the buses and the Underground, and also stipulated that competitive tendering should be introduced where appropriate to ensure that LT operated economically and required less financial assistance from public funds for the day to day running of its services.在1984年伦敦地区运输法案下,伦敦运输又被带入中央政府的

21、控制.法案要求LT设立隶属公司来经营公交和地铁,也规定有竞争性的投标应该被适当的介绍进来以确保LT经济地经营和为它日常服务的经营向公共基金要求更少的资金援助.In 1985, bus services outside London were deregulated which meant that any licensed operator could apply to run a new route even if another company already ran a service along the same roads. London was however specifical

22、ly exempted but it was intended that, once bus services in London had become less dependent on Government subsidy and steps had been taken to encourage greater competition between the operators, deregulation should be extended to the Capital as well.1985年,伦敦以外的公交服务被解除管制,这意味着任何被许可的运营商可以致力于新的路线，即使其他的公

23、司已经经营了同一条道路的服务.然而,伦敦被明确的免除,但是它打算,一旦伦敦的公交服务变得不怎么依靠政府津贴,就可以采取鼓励运营商之间更大的竞争,撤消管制规定应该也要被扩展.The subsidiary company set up in 1985 by London Transport to run the bus services was known as London Buses Limited (LBL). However, route planning and the level of fares charged remained LT responsibilities. 1985年伦

24、敦公交有限公司(LBL)设立隶属公司经营公交服务.然而,路线规划和车票收费水平仍保留是LT的责任.In the same year LT set up the Tendered Bus Division to begin the process of the competitive tendering of its bus routes, under which LBL was required to compete against operators in the private sector for the opportunity to run individual bus routes

25、on behalf of LT. The routes were awarded to the operator which could run the best service at the most cost-effective price, and several of the initial routes went to private companies rather than to LBL. Buses again began to appear on Londons streets whose livery was not traditional LT red.同年LT设立投标公

26、交分配来开始竞争投标它的公交路线的过程,LBL被要求在私人部分有机会代表LT在经营个人公交路线上与运营商竞争.路线被授予的运营商,可以以成本最有效的价格经营最好的服务,一些原始的路线被私人公司赢得而不是LBL.公交又开始出现在伦敦的街道,而不是由传统的LT领导的出租.LBL initially faced several problems resulting from higher overheads, which made it difficult to compete with the private operators. As a step towards the planned der

27、egulation of bus services in London, LBL therefore created thirteen locally based subsidiary companies, each with its own commercial remit. LBL一开始面临一些高费用的问题,使它很难与私人运营商竞争.由于伦敦的公交服务规划撤消管制规定,因此LBL创造了13个当地隶属公司,每一个都有自己的商业捐税免除待遇.These companies conducted their own wages negotiations with the unions, took

28、appropriate steps to reduce their overheads, and competed against each other as well as against the private sector companies for the contracts to run LT bus routes. The subsidiaries became increasingly successful in competing for routes.这些公司与工会协商实施他们自己的报酬,采取合适的措施减少他们的高费用,既互相竞争又与私人部门公司竞争经营LT的公交路线合同.隶

29、属公司在竞争路线中不断成功.In December 1992, the (then) Conservative Government announced that the LBL companies would be sold into the private sector ahead of deregulation. However, a year later, the Government decided to postpone deregulation until after the General Election which took place in May 1997.1992年1

30、1月,保守党政府宣称LBL公司将会在撤消管制规定之前被卖给私人部门.然而,一年以后,政府决定将撤消管制规定推迟到1997年5月的大选之后.Public Sector Bus Company Perspective公共部门公交公司前景In Autumn 1984, the London Regional Transport Act changed the framework under which London Transport (LT) was to provide bus services in the capital. The Act also advocated a tendering

31、 regime by empowering LT to invite private operators to submit tenders to carry out services as specified in an Invitation to Tender. In 1985, LT set up London Buses Ltd (LBL) as a separate, wholly owned public sector bus operation and it also set up the Tendered Bus Division of LT, which began the

32、process of competitively tendering bus services. Subsequently in 1988, LBL divided up its bus operations into 12 operating companies in preparation for their future privatisation. 1984年8月,伦敦地区运输法案在LT提供首都公交服务方面改变了机构.法案也提倡一个投标制度,通过授权给LT，使其邀请私人运营商递交投标来实行服务,这在”投标邀请”里有详细说明.1985年,LT设立伦敦公交有限公司(LBL)作为一个独立的,完全由公共部门公交经营所有的公司,它也设立了LT的投标公交分支,开始了竞争投标公交服务的过程.随后在1998年,LBL把它的公交经营分割成12个经营公司为他们将来的私有化做准备.Ini