语法 Grammar.docx

1、语法 Grammar、语法 Grammar & Usage Subject-Verb Agreement (I) 1主谓一致的三条原则 1）语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。 Human beings enjoy learning. Everybodys understanding is incomplete. 2）意义一致，即根据意义来处理一致关系。 The people there are fighting for the independence of their country. The dollars was a lot of money at that time. 3)就近原则，即

2、谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 There is a pen, two pencils and an eraser in the pencil box. Neither the boy nor his teachers know the answer. 2集体名词作主语时与动词的一致 1）当主语为furniture， equipment， machinery等词时，谓语动词通常用单数。 The furniture in that shop is all made in China. Office equipment is very expensive nowadays. A lo

3、t of new machinery has been installed. 2）集体名词如people， cattle， police， poultry，等往往作复数用。 Some people drive madly in this country. Many cattle have died because of the fold. The police have been sent there but they have not made any arrests yet. Poultry are plentiful in that mountain region. 3)family,

4、government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等词被视做一个整体时，其后的动词作单数；被视做为构成整体的个体时，其后的动词则为复数。 His family is a happy one. His family are all interested in stamp-collecting. The Democratic Government is in power now. The government is/are considering further tax cuts. The audience was very quite w

5、hen he was giving his speech. The audience were shouting and laughing when he came into the hall. Our class is the top class in the grade. The class are busy taking notes. 3并列主语与动词的一致 1）当“名词+名词”表示一种事物时，用单数动词。 Bacon and eggs is a very popular British breakfast. Toast and marmalade (果酱面包) is my favori

6、te breakfast. Fish and chips (炸鱼与土豆片) is served every day. 2）当主语是由and， both .and 连接的并列结构时，如果主语所指的不是一种事物，动词则用复数形式。 Jack and Mary are in love with each other. Both Tom and John are absent today. War, famine and drought have claimed thousands of lives in that country. 3)在又or或 nor连接的并列结构中，动词单、复数形式一般与or

7、或 nor 后边的名词或代词保持一致。 He or his brothers are to blame for this. Either you or your friend has to pay the bill. Either his father or his mother comes to see him every day. When couples quarrel, (either) the wife or the husband has to give in. Neither she nor you are mistaken. Neither the manager nor th

8、e clerks are college graduates. 4) not only but also 连接的结构做主语时，动词的单、复数形式依据but also 后的名词或代词。 Not only Fred but also his parents love this small pet dog. Not only the boys but also their mother is very ell. 课后练习 Translate the following into English. 1) Use the verb + noun collocation. 出席会议 to attend a

9、 meeting 干的不错 to do a good job 体验苦难 to experience bitterness 自学英语 to teach oneself English 发现奇迹 to discover wonders 忍住咳嗽 to hold back ones cough 掌握技能 to master skills 获取知识 to acquire knowledge 需要勇气 to require courage 丰富生活 to enrich ones life 接受修正 to accept rectification 改正错误 to correct mistakes 不再指望

10、 to cherish no hope 作出努力 to make efforts 2)Use the “useful expressions”. 1.新造的大桥坍塌了，一名工程师和两名地方官员为此受到刑事起诉。 The collapse of the big newly-built bridge led to criminal prosecution against an engineer and two local government officials. 2.他工作了一天，午饭都没动。 He worked all day, leaving his lunch untouched. 3.经

11、常性的体育运动使学生身体强壮，更好的适应学习，决不是浪费时间。 Far from being a waste of time, regular sports activities make students physically strong and deal with their study better. 4.在海洋世界公园，海豹和海豚能够表演各种技巧，逗的小观众们乐不可支。 The seals and dolphins in the Sea World are capable of various acting techniques, and this makes children au

12、dience overjoyed. 5.把快乐建立在别人痛苦之上的人迟早要受到报应的。 Those who take delight in other peoples pain will suffer retribution sooner or later. 6.在某些方面，那部新字典有不少地方需要改进。 In some respects, that new dictionary has much to be improved. 7.当那辆公共汽车冲进路边翻了车时，许多小朋友被困在里边。 When that bush rushed out of the road and turned over

13、, many children got trapped in it. 8.在开幕式上，市政府将为一千多明来宾提供饮食。 At the opening ceremony, the municipal government will provide food and drink for more than 1,000 guests. 9.在中国，城市家庭只允许生一个孩子。 In China, every urban family is restricted to only one child. 10.只要我们能得到点休息，去哪里并不重要。 As long as we can get a littl

14、e rest, is doesnt matter where we go. 3)Use learn, ask and teach. 1.那位男孩向警察询问去火车站怎么走。 That boy asked the policeman how to get to the railway station. 2.学习外语没有任何捷径可走。 There are no shortcuts to learning a foreign language. 3.获悉我最喜欢的数学老师仍然在那所学校教书我决定去看他。 Learning that my favourite maths teacher is still

15、 teaching in that school, I decided to visit him. 4.这位老工人教育他的子女做人要诚实。 This veteran worker taught his children to be honest. 5.他问老板那天他是否可以早点离开办公室。 He asked his boss whether he could leave off work a little earlier that day. 6.艰难困苦使我们对我们现有的一切感到满意。 Difficulties and hardships teach us to be grateful for

16、 all that we have already had. 7.毕业时他要求到西藏去工作一年。 On his graduation, he asked to work in Tibet for one year. 8.我只不过是想关心别人，也希望受到他人的关心，我的要求并不过分。 All I want to do is just to show my care for others, and I hope to be treated in the same way by others. I am not asking too much. 9.聪明人从自己的错误中吸取教训。 Wise men

17、learn lessons from their own mistakes. 10. 求援是没有用的，因为已经早过了午夜。 Since it is well after midnight, there is no point in asking for help. 11.那位科学家教育他的学生说年轻人要面向未来。 That scientist taught his students that young people should be gearing themselves for the future. 12.问及她生活的最大乐趣时，她说“学习”。 When asked what was t

18、he greatest pleasure in her life, she replied “learning” LESSON 2 Subject-Verb Agreement (II) 1.带确定数量词的名词词组做主语时的主谓一致 1)当主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词时，如果该名词所表示的数量看作一个整体，其后的动词用单数。 Ten seconds of silence appears very awkward on television. A thousand dollars a month is more than I can afford. Four years I to

19、o long for me to wait. Sixty miles is a short run in a car. 2) 当主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词时，如该名词所表示的数量看作单个个体，其后的动词用复数。 The past three weeks were the hardest time in his life. Hundreds of buildings were put up in the city last year. Five kilos of apples are placed into the basket. 3) 当主语为“分数或百分数+of+名词”时，

20、其后的动词形式依照of后名词的单复数形式来定。 Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. Three-fourths of the people do not agree with the president. One-fourth of the region is underdeveloped. Thirty percent of the oil in that country is imported. Ten percent of the eggs have gone bad. Fifty percent of the land i

21、n that region has been used to build factories. 4)当主语为sheep， fish， deer， aircraft， means， steelworks 等单数与复数同形的词时，动词的形式以名词单、复数意义为准。 An American aircraft was brought down by the anti-aircraft fire. Three aircraft are reported missing. Various means have been tried to solve the problem. Two steelworks

22、were built ten years ago. Ten fish have been caught today. One sheep was killed by a wolf. 2.all的主谓一致 1) 代词all表示可数的人或物时，其后的动词用复数形式。 All were hungry and desperate for food. All who have seen the film love it. All of them enjoyed themselves at the party. 2) 代词all表示不可数的名词时，其后的动词用单数. All is going well.

23、All is quite in the middle of the night. All you have to do now is wait. All that glitters is not gold. All of his money is gone. 3) 形容词 all+可数名词时，其后的动词用复数形式。 All roads lead to Rome. All the people taking part in the race were over 60 years old. All things are difficult when we begin to do them. 4)

24、形容词all+不可数名词时，其后的动词用单数形式。 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Not all food is good to eat.Translate the following into English 1.use the verb + noun or adj. + noun collocation 实现目标 to achieve goals 崇拜英雄 to worship heroes and heroines 崇拜金钱 to worship money 受到赏识 to gain recognition 获得自信 to gai

25、n self-confidence 保持沉默 to keep silence 打破沉默 to break the silence 推卸责任 to shake of responsibility 引起注意 to attract attention 分清敌友 to distinguish between friends and enemies 加快速度 to pick up speed 透露秘密 to disclose a secret 塑造历史 to shape history 塑造未来 to shape the future 开创生活 to start a new life 缓解贫穷 to e

26、ase poverty 取得进展 to make advances 现任总统 current president 工作重心 the main emphasis of the work 新颖观点 original ideas 真诚愿望 sincere wishes 2.use the “useful expressions” 1)去郑州的路上，我们经过一个被洪水冲毁的村庄。 On our way to Zhengzhou, we passed through a village which had been destroyed by the flood. 2）那次不寻常的经历使鲍勃变成一个耐心、

27、宽容的人。 That unusual experience has turned Bob into a patient and tolerant person. 3）那人的头发染成了艳绿色，看上去象个小丑。 With his hair dyed bright green, that person looks like a clown. 4）他们总是对照专业人员的标准来审视自己的工作。 They are always measuring their own work against the standard set for the professionals work. 5）便衣警察在黑暗里等着

28、盗贼出现。 Plainclothes policemen were waiting in the dark for the burglars to show up. 6）琼丝太太的善良使男孩心里充满了希望和感激。 The kindness of Mrs. Jones filled the boy with hope and gratitude. 7）那些超级明星的私生活经常受到小报的评论。 The private lives of those superstars are often commented on by tabloids. 8）这个女孩子有非凡的毅力使她不同于她的同班同学。 Thi

29、s girl is distinguished from her classmates for her uncommon willpower. 9）日落时分，强劲的冷风由东南风转为西北风。 At sundown, the strong cold wind has shifted from the southeast to the northwest. 10）最高额的奖学金颁给了一位物理研究生。 The highest scholarship went to a postgraduate majoring in physics. 11）安徒生的童话以寓意深刻著称。 Andersons fairy

30、 tales are known for their profound morals. 12）许多人开始意识到在公共场所使用蜂窝电话的负作用。 Many people have come to realize the side-effect from the use of cellular phones in public. 3.use make, recognize and define. 1）国际社会公认中华人民共和国代表全中国。 As universally recognized by the international community, the Peoples Republic o

31、f China stands for the whole China. 2）小时侯她的父母就教育他要准备为了国家的利益作出自我牺牲。 When she was a child, her parents taught her to be prepared for making self-sacrifice for the benefit of the motherland. 3）我们一眼就认出舞台上的那个罗密欧是我们的英国老师。 We immediately recognize our English teacher who was then playing the role of Romeo on the stage. 4）英国人的矜持使他们显得傲气。 The reserved manner of the British people makes them appear arrogant. 5）不同的民族对人权的定义有很大的不同。 Different people define human rights in very different ways. 6）我的朋友乔治因其新颖观点而倍加赞赏，他的成功使得我的努力显得微不足道。 My friend George was highly praised for his original ideas, a