雅思写作笔记.docx

1、雅思写作笔记Nearly, almost 不到，不超过环境问题负责方：个人：Individuals/the public/citizen企业：Company/manufacture/enterprise/establishment/corporation政府：Government/authority国际合作：International corporation/coordination医学研究：Medical research治愈疾病：cure(fatal 致命) illness/disease化妆品实验：Cosmetic test残忍的：Inhuman/cruel/merciless (adj

2、.)主人的伙伴：Masters companions给主人心理安慰：Afford their masters consolation and comfortTopic 6 Economic Development贫穷的：Impoverished/deprived/destitute/indigent (adj.)失业：Unemployment/joblessness下岗工人：Laid-off workers富裕的：Affluent/wealthy (adj.)/well-off导致贫富分化：Create alienation between rich and poor.扶贫：Poverty a

3、lleviation为出资：Invest in/fund/dedicate money to sth媒体实事：current affairs have an affair 出轨有误导性：Misleading/distorted (adj.)媒体炒作：Media hype夸大事实：Exaggerate/sensationalise things可信的：Reliable/trustworthy/dependable及时的：up-to-date/up-to-the-minute信息量大的：Informative (adj.)娱乐性：Entertaining (adj.)文化保护：Preserve/p

4、rotect文化多元性：Cultural diversity文化融合：Cultural integration通用语言：A global/universal language英语的统治地位：The dominant role of English少数民族：Ethnic minorities民族团结：The harmony between ethnic groups/races旅游旅游景点：Places of interest, tourist attractions/spots开阔眼界：Push back/expand vision/horizons促进文化交流：Promote cultura

5、l communication与当地人互动：Interact with the locals文化遗产：Cultural heritage商业化：Commercialise (V.)导致偏见：Cause prejudice to the place影响当地文化：Undermine local traditions政府民主：Democracy (n.)管理：Administrate/regulate/monitor/oversee (V.)规章制度：Rules and regulations实施：Formulate（制定）/implement (v.)政府开支：The government spe

6、nding/expenditure国家安全：National security基础设施：Base installation/infrastructure交通系统：Public transport system开头部分引入文章观点 30-50字 Introducing topics and main ideasDonts1. 直接照抄题目2. 出现反问3. 冗长的背景介绍4. 乱用名言俗语5. 中式抒情首段内容包含三方面：1. 场景或背景信息(Setting/background information paraphrase)当今：Nowadays, contemporarily, recent

7、ly, currently, in this day and age, in contemporary society 引起争论，讨论的话题a/anHot/heatedControversialDisputableDebatableArguableSensationalTopic/issueParaphrase(释义)避免抄袭三种常见paraphrase的方法 ：使用同义词（组）转换语态语序转换Report opinions without naming their source.It isSaidConsideredBelievedReportedClaimedRecognizedthatC

8、lauseHeSheEtc.IsSaidConsideredEtc.toinfinitive2. 说明写作意图(Statement of purpose)陈述：（支持/反对/让步）1) 表述观点的方法：我支持 I would agree that 认为：Think/believe/argue/maintain/contend/assert/insist/claimI (firmly/strongly/tend to/am inclined to) believe thatIt seems to me thatI am convinced that方法：In my opinion, to my

9、mind, from my view point, as far as I concerned, as for me, speaking for myself观点：Viewpoint, point of view, notion, opinion, perspective, statement, attitude 我反对：I am unconvinced that It is hard to accept that It is unjustifiable (不合理的) to argue (可替换) that There is little evidence (依据) to support th

10、e view that 方法：I find this view ill-founded/groundless/unconvincing/unpersuasive/problematic不完全正确 I believe this opinion only partially true/overlooks important factors of the issue.2) Discuss both viewsA. 选择支持某一方Frankly speaking/to be frank, I agree with/side with(向着)/am in favour of/am convinced b

11、y/support/incline towards the former/latter view(可替换)B. 让步的表达方法（从句）While, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that (从句)In spite of, despite + 名词（短语）转折连词but副词admittedly, certainly, clearlyC. 设问句方式a) 设问后直接表示自己的观点 question-opinionb) 设问后，先提出一方观点，再表示自己观点Question-others opinion-opinion关注

12、此话题群体：Some sociologists, culture researchers, scholars or experts传统观念：perception/traditional view3. 对主要观点进行概括总结(Summary of main points)解释题目仅在1、3中进行议论文主体写作（180-200字 2-3段 主要论点，分论点，论据）1. 每段围绕一个中心，要有主题句2. 段与段之间巧妙衔接3. 论证要有逻辑分论点之间巧妙衔接每个分论点紧密支撑论点采用列举、解释、强调、对比的论证方法结构：1. 主题句Topic sentence2. 分论点13. 分论点提出的理由4.

13、 论据15. 分论点26. 对比论点提出理由7. 论据28. 分论点对论点的支持1) 追究原因解释分论点与主要论点的关系Because of/due to/owing to the fact that + 原因状语从句Because of /owing to/due to + 抽象名词（短语）非限定性定语从句： , which is because of/due to/owing to/attribute to/caused by/generated by + 抽象名词2) 揭示结果揭示分论点对主要论点影响So + 结果状语从句Accordingly, as a result, consequ

14、ently, in consequence, for this reason, therefore, thus + 新句子表示结果非限定性定语从句Which + causes, result in, brings about, contributes to, leads to, generates + 名词短语动名词短语作伴随状语Causing, resulting in, bringing about ,contributing to, leading to ,generating + 名词短语扣题、说理、凑字对分论点的支持1) 例举说明a) As a proof, as an illust

15、ration, as an example, for example, for instance, in my experience, such as, a case in point(剑7P31，剑3P162)高分举例句型：Take/consider as an (for) example. is a case in point.E.g. The violent and sexually appealing scenes on TV or on the internet is a case in point.The fact that (+从句) serves as a convincing

16、 example.This point is best illustrated with the example of/that + 名词.2) 解释说明归纳法，演义法换句话讲：In other words, to put it another way, namely, that is to say我指的是：By this I mean, here I am (not) referring to 更具体来说：To be more precise, to be more specific (剑4 P165，剑7 P163)3) 强调法表示强调强调事实：Actually, as a matter

17、of fact, indeed, in fact强调必然性：Certainly, obviously, undoubtedly, without doubt强调特例：In particular, particularly, especially, more importantly强调句基本结构：It is + 强调部分 + that (who) + 句子其余部分We can enjoy more conscience because of these advanced facilities.It is just because of these advanced facilities that

18、 we can enjoy more conscience.4) 对比论证表示对比：By contrast, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise虚拟语气如果 就好了/就完了主句和从句事态分别向前推主：taketook从：willwould条件状语从句：主将从现If teachers can take the responsibility on youngsters psychological. The youngster crime will reduce.倒装句表否定的

19、副词出现在句首时，需倒装 not only but also绝不：Under no circumstance/on no accounts只有：Only极少情况：Rarely/seldom/never before倒装谁：情态动词提前 完成时Have, has, had 提前 Be提前（am/is/are/was/were） 实意动词：在句子前加do, does, did（句中动词变原型）句首状语提前将副词、介词、现在分词或不定式形成的小短语放在句首，增加短语结合的节奏感 （剑6 P164 just like movie stars）双重否定1. It is not unrealistic t

20、o 做某事时现实的 （剑7 P167）2. It is not uncommon that 现像是常见的3. It is irrefutable that 不是不可辩驳（没道理）4. Hardly/Not a day goes by when dont = do something everyday 没有一天不做某事 （剑4 P167）议论文结尾注意：1. 不完全重复引言或正文里的话2. 内容不能过少3. 对全文进行总结，深化文章主题引出结论：In conclusion, in summary, overall to conclude, to summarize采取方式：1. 重申中心论点（剑

21、4 P165）推荐原因：适用于快速结尾或与展望、引申搭配使用作用：再次强调主题2. 总结：主要论点及分论点（剑5 P165）推荐原因：能够全面概括全文，是逻辑更清晰，并可用于凑字3. 让步：提出相反观点，再次强调中心论点推荐原因：对讨论优缺点或对正反两方面的观点进行讨论的题十分合适4. 展望：对未来可能情况进行概括（剑4 P167）推荐原因：是文章主题得到升华，但又一些难度5. 引申：提出问题或建议推荐原因：把作者引入更深层次的思考注意区分题目中是否有要求；无要求，简明扼要（剑3 P164 Test3）有要求，详细充分（剑4 P169 Test4）小作文图表作文数据图表趋势柱状图：bar/co

22、lumn chart (graph)饼状图：pie chart曲线图：line/curve chart表格：table流程图：flow chart地图：map/plan示意图：illustration趋势型曲线图及部分柱状图非趋势型表格、饼状图及部分柱状图区分条件：横纵轴都是按规律排列的数据解题步骤：1. 观察图标 图表类型 背景信息：找对象 图例 横纵坐标的数据形式和数据单位2. 构思趋势型非趋势型1整体趋势（开头）极值与近似值2极值（数据）分类方法3变化速度（对比）逻辑顺序（从大到小）4特例（提及）数据比较5数据的比较（起点、终点）3. 描写图表 Tense in the graphsIn

23、troduction present simpleAccording to the time shown in the graphNot given present simple4. 修改成文引言包含信息：1. 图标类型2. 对象3. 数据形式4. 时间/地点5. 总体趋势（趋势型）1) 不能照抄原题信息2) 一句使用一般现在时3) 第二句根据正文时态趋势描述方法：动/名+ to 增加到(from to 从到)动+ by 增加了名+ of 名+ in 在方面增加时间：年月in， 日on， 时间at时间段：during/for/over the period of /a year period

24、从起Since/from on十年decade，百年century，五十年half a century/5 decades数据描述：标准版1. 直接法The amount/number/proportion of 对象+趋势（动）+数字+时间E.g.: The number of Lee-hom fans has increased from 5000 in 1990 to 50000 in 2000.2. There be 句型法There is/was/will be + 趋势（名词） + 数字 + 对象 + 时间E.g.: There was a rise of 45 thousand

25、in the number of Lee-hom fans over the decade since 1990.复杂版本1. 拟人法时间+ saw/witnessed/experienced + 趋势（名）+ 数字 + 对象E.g.: The decade till 2000 experienced a growth of 45 thousand in the number of Lee-hom fans.拟人法对象 + saw/witnessed/experienced + 趋势（名）+ 数字 + 时间E.g.: The number of Lee-hom fans witnessed a

26、 growth of 45 thousand during the last decade of the 20th century.2. 被动法趋势（名）+ 数字 + is/was found in + 对象 + 时间E.g.: An upward tendency of 45 thousand was found in the number of Lee-hom fans between 1990 and 2000.Is expected, Is predicted, Is forecast两个阶段的衔接：afterwards, after that, then, next, from th

27、en on, in the following/next year一句连接两个趋势1) After which + 趋势句子2) (Which was) followed by/and the following is/was +趋势名词 + 数据3) Before + 趋势动名词 + 数据例句： The next decade witnessed a sharp increase of 400, after which there was another slight upward trend to over 900 in mid 2000s. The next decade witness

28、ed a sharp increase of 400, (which was) followed by another slight upward trend to over 900 in mid 2000s. The next decade witnessed a sharp increase of 400, before rising slightly to over 900 in mid 2000s.曲线提解题思路根据每根变化：变化简单，分阶段详细描述（机经Version94）；变化复杂，把握关键点（高峰、低谷、起点、终点）分段对比：1) 对比分析：相同点一段区别一段2) 按根数分段，分

29、段描述，尾段比较3) 时间跨度大，按时间分段柱状图五大原则（剑4 Test4）1. 从小到大2. 两大一小3. 合并同类项4. 最大值相串5. 事不过三单柱：数据少在一段讨论；数据多，有平均数3组（大于，接近，小于），无平均值2段（高，低）多柱：按意义，按根数，按大小数据的表达方法：1. 极值：最高级1) The highest/lowest + number/amount/proportion of + 对象 + was/lay/can be found in A(数据)或at 数据, which was followed by that in B (第二高/低数据)2) The numbe

30、r/proportion/amount of + 对象 in A was higher/lower than any other + 对象（数据）3) The rate/proportion/number/amount of + 对象 in A was, which was the highest and lowest all the figures given/offered/provided.4) A had the greatest/smallest number/percentage of + 对象(数据), and the following were/followed by B and C at + 数据 and + 数据 respectively/separately.5) 数据 against 数据，数据 compared to 数据（virtually）2. 表示“少于”的数目在数词前加：fewer than, less than, under, below, within3. 表示“多于”的数目