为可持续发展推广绿色旅游外文翻译.docx

1、为可持续发展推广绿色旅游外文翻译外文翻译原文PROMOTING GREEN TOURISM FOR FUTURE SUSTAINABILITYMaterial Source: Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management Number 8(17) / November 2010 Author: Alhilal Furqan & Ahmad Puad Mat Som & Rosazman HussinAbstract Green tourism is defined as environmentally friendly tou

2、rism activities with various focuses and meanings. In a broad term, green tourism is about being an environmentally friendly tourist or providing environmentally friendly tourist services. The green tourism concept would be highly appealing to tourism enterprises and operators owing to increasing go

3、vernmental pressure to improve environmental performance by adopting effective and tangible environmental management techniques. Furthermore, achievement and promotion of internationally recognized environmental awards would be instrumental to the tourism enterprises in marketing their services. As

4、a result, many concerned and responsible parties put forward recommendations for green tourism products to regulate tourisms negative impacts.This conceptual paper attempts to discuss green tourism concept, green tourism certification and its processes as well explain the comparative approaches of g

5、reen tourism in a few countries. Towards the end, by this green labeling, the industry can legitimately open up new areas for the more discriminating and wider range of the market, and tourists or visitors can enjoy the holiday they want with a clear conscience. Keywords: green, tourism, certificati

6、on, sustainability 1. INTRODUCTION The emergence of tourism as a major industry is one of the most remarkable changes that have taken place in the global economic activity (Sinclair, 1998). Tourism is the third largest economic activity in the world (after oil and automobiles), and it is one of the

7、fastest-growing activities (Batta, 2009). The WorldTourism Organization (WTO, 2008) projects that by the year 2010, international tourist arrivals will have increased to 1.018 billion and a direct receipt is expected to US$1.55 trillion. Receipts from tourism make an important contribution to the ec

8、onomies of the developing countries in terms of income, employment, and balance of payments effects. Because of this, many developing countries have begun to actively pursue tourism as a means to create jobs, diversify their economies, and earn foreign currency. Among the three major impacts of tour

9、ismeconomic, socio-cultural and environmentalthe economic impact played a dominant role in policy-making (Sinclair, 1998). With the focus on the economic benefits that accompanied the development of tourism, the adverse socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism were relatively ignored. Bas

10、ed on the economic benefits, tourism development was prescribed as a panacea for many social and economic problems. This led to the indiscriminate and unplanned growth of tourism infrastructure in many countries, and soon the negative effects in the form of social and environmental degradation began

11、 to emerge. Due to enhanced awareness of the negative impact of tourism on the environment, efforts have been made to develop approaches for making tourism sustainable. The last two decades have witnessed a growing interest in the relationship between tourism development and environmental quality (E

12、rdogan and Tosun, 2009), with the emergence of special interest tourism including green tourism. 2. GREEN TOURISM CONCEPT The concept of a green product is one that is easier to use than to define. Green tourism is used to indicate environmentally friendly tourism but have different focuses and mean

13、ings. Often such claims use terms which lack of accepted or standard definitions, or utilize extravagant language to wash the emptiness of the claim being made (NCC, 1996). These terms are used for two purposes: first, to tell customers that the holiday destination they are going to is beautiful and

14、 unspoilt. Green tourism or another term related to environmental concern is mostly used to label nature holidays to exotic destinations (Wight, 1994). Second, green tourism claims can be used to signal that tourism operations taking place in that area do not harm the environment (Font and Tribe, 20

15、01). In loose terms, a product or service can be said to be green when it is beneficial to the producer and consumer without harming the environment. The difficulty starts when a stakeholder attempts to measure the negative effects of their activities on the environment. Even in cases where measurem

16、ent seems possible, the next difficulty arises at agreeing the criteria to be considered and the threshold levels of unacceptable effects. Tourism traditionally has been considered a relatively green industry, with the exception of its transport and land development implications, and for this reason

17、 it has only recently become an area of concern (Font and Tribe, 2001). 3. GREEN TOURISM CERTIFICATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESThe damaging impacts of tourism development in developing countries have been well discussed in past research. Recognizing the natural environment as a vital tourism resource

18、, public and private sectors of the tourism industry are increasingly adopting and implementing environmentally compatible development measures in order to limit the negative environmental impacts associated with tourism development. Key elements of environmentally sensitive tourism development, in

19、general, include restricting and regulating new development, preserving and protecting areas of outstanding natural beauty and biological diversity, and rehabilitating older resorts and destinations (Lockhart, 1997). According to Middleton and Hawkins (1998), the tourism industry uses green tourism

20、certification or environmental awards as trademarks or logos to communicate the environmental qualifications of a company, with the hopes that customers develop positive attitudes toward their product or service. In the market place, this type of strategy can give companies a differential advantage

21、over their competitors. The use of green tourism certification issued by respected body is usually intended (Sasidharan et al., 2002): (i) to control tourisms negative environmental impacts on the natural resource base of destination areas by encouraging tourism enterprises to achieve high environme

22、ntal standards, (ii) to educate tourists regarding the impacts of their actions and decisions, and (iii) to develop standards for environmentally friendly tourism products and services. The utilization of green tourism certification in developing countries would slot in with policies relating to nat

23、ural resource management, environmental conservation and protection, and pollution control while conforming to the concept of environmentally friendly tourism development (Hashimoto, 1999; Erdogan and Tosun, 2009). The green tourism concept would be highly appealing to the tourism enterprises of dev

24、eloping countries owing to increasing governmental pressure on the tourism industry to improve environmental performance by adopting effective and tangible environmental management techniques (Zhang et al., 1999). Furthermore, achievement and promotion of internationally recognized environmental awa

25、rds would be instrumental to the tourism enterprises of developing countries in marketing their services (Mihalic, 2000). In recognizing the need to maintain the balance between tourism development and the environment through appropriate planning and management of tourism resources, many concerned p

26、arties in developing countries put forward recommendations for green tourism products to regulate tourisms negative impacts (Middleton and Hawkins, 1998; Sasidharan et al., 2002; Batta, 2009). As mentioned earlier, the green tourism certification may be applied to hotels, resorts, marinas, travel ag

27、encies, tour operators, ground and water transportation services, airlines, and may also be extended to certify the environmental soundness of tourist destinations and the natural resources at these destinations (Mihalic, 2000). While tourism enterprises of developing countries are predominantly com

28、prised of privately owned, large, internationally franchised chains on one hand, and small-scale entrepreneurial businesses on the other, tourism resources in these countries are largely controlled and operated by the public sector (Brohman, 1996; Zhang et al., 1999). Certification efforts would be

29、stressed by issues such as conflicts of interest among stakeholders distrust in scientific accuracy of assessments and industry pressure for relaxation of certification criteria (West, 1995; Hemmelskamp and Brockmann, 1997). 4. GREEN TOURISM CERTIFICATION PROCESSES Certification is defined as a volu

30、ntary procedure that assesses, audits, and gives written assurance that a facility, product or service meets specific standards and awards a marketable logo to those that meet or exceed baseline standards. The purpose of certification has been to achieve voluntary standards of performance that meet

31、or exceed baseline standards or legislation. The process starts with a body that sets credible certification standards. The certification body has to be without conflict of interest, and theindicators for meeting standards should be recognized by an accreditation body. The applicant or business then

32、 is assessed according to the indicators and, if successful, receives recognition, usually in the form of a logo, which informs the consumer that the business has met minimum criteria (Honey and Rome, 2000). 5. COMPARATIVE APPROACHES OF GREEN TOURISM The concept of green tourism in developed countri

33、es such as in Japan is similar to rural tourism concept, where it is conducted within the natural environment, and offers tourists opportunities to experience local culture and rural lifestyle (Arahi, 1998). Rural residents are involved in agriculture and forestry industry play important roles in managing the environmen