为可持续发展推广绿色旅游外文翻译.docx

为可持续发展推广绿色旅游外文翻译.docx

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为可持续发展推广绿色旅游外文翻译

外文翻译

原文

PROMOTINGGREENTOURISMFORFUTURESUSTAINABILITY

MaterialSource:

TheoreticalandEmpiricalResearchesinUrbanManagementNumber8（17）/November2010

Author:

AlhilalFurqan&AhmadPuadMatSom&RosazmanHussin

Abstract

Greentourismisdefinedasenvironmentallyfriendlytourismactivitieswithvariousfocusesandmeanings.Inabroadterm,greentourismisaboutbeinganenvironmentallyfriendlytouristorprovidingenvironmentallyfriendlytouristservices.Thegreentourismconceptwouldbehighlyappealingtotourismenterprisesandoperatorsowingtoincreasinggovernmentalpressuretoimproveenvironmentalperformancebyadoptingeffectiveandtangibleenvironmentalmanagementtechniques.Furthermore,achievementandpromotionofinternationallyrecognizedenvironmentalawardswouldbeinstrumentaltothetourismenterprisesinmarketingtheirservices.Asaresult,manyconcernedandresponsiblepartiesputforwardrecommendationsforgreentourismproductstoregulatetourism‘snegativeimpacts.Thisconceptualpaperattemptstodiscussgreentourismconcept,greentourismcertificationanditsprocessesaswellexplainthecomparativeapproachesofgreentourisminafewcountries.Towardstheend,bythisgreenlabeling,theindustrycanlegitimatelyopenupnewareasforthemorediscriminatingandwiderrangeofthemarket,andtouristsorvisitorscanenjoytheholidaytheywantwithaclearconscience.

Keywords:

green,tourism,certification,sustainability

1.INTRODUCTION

Theemergenceoftourismasamajorindustryisoneofthemostremarkablechangesthathavetakenplaceintheglobaleconomicactivity（Sinclair,1998）.Tourismisthethirdlargesteconomicactivityintheworld（afteroilandautomobiles）,anditisoneofthefastest-growingactivities（Batta,2009）.TheWorldTourismOrganization（WTO,2008）projectsthatbytheyear2010,internationaltouristarrivalswillhaveincreasedto1.018billionandadirectreceiptisexpectedtoUS$1.55trillion.Receiptsfromtourismmakeanimportantcontributiontotheeconomiesofthedevelopingcountriesintermsofincome,employment,andbalanceofpaymentseffects.Becauseofthis,manydevelopingcountrieshavebeguntoactivelypursuetourismasameanstocreatejobs,diversifytheireconomies,andearnforeigncurrency.

Amongthethreemajorimpactsoftourism—economic,socio-culturalandenvironmental—theeconomicimpactplayedadominantroleinpolicy-making（Sinclair,1998）.Withthefocusontheeconomicbenefitsthataccompaniedthedevelopmentoftourism,theadversesocio-culturalandenvironmentalimpactsoftourismwererelativelyignored.Basedontheeconomicbenefits,tourismdevelopmentwasprescribedasapanaceaformanysocialandeconomicproblems.Thisledtotheindiscriminateandunplannedgrowthoftourisminfrastructureinmanycountries,andsoonthenegativeeffectsintheformofsocialandenvironmentaldegradationbegantoemerge.Duetoenhancedawarenessofthenegativeimpactoftourismontheenvironment,effortshavebeenmadetodevelopapproachesformakingtourismsustainable.Thelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedagrowinginterestintherelationshipbetweentourismdevelopmentandenvironmentalquality（ErdoganandTosun,2009）,withtheemergenceofspecialinteresttourismincludinggreentourism.

2.GREENTOURISMCONCEPT

Theconceptofagreenproductisonethatiseasiertousethantodefine.Greentourismisusedtoindicateenvironmentallyfriendlytourismbuthavedifferentfocusesandmeanings.Oftensuchclaimsusetermswhichlackofacceptedorstandarddefinitions,orutilizeextravagantlanguagetowashtheemptinessoftheclaimbeingmade（NCC,1996）.Thesetermsareusedfortwopurposes:

first,totellcustomersthattheholidaydestinationtheyaregoingtoisbeautifulandunspoilt.Greentourismoranothertermrelatedtoenvironmentalconcernismostlyusedtolabelnatureholidaystoexoticdestinations（Wight,1994）.Second,greentourismclaimscanbeusedtosignalthattourismoperationstakingplaceinthatareadonotharmtheenvironment（FontandTribe,2001）.

Inlooseterms,aproductorservicecanbesaidtobegreenwhenitisbeneficialtotheproducerandconsumerwithoutharmingtheenvironment.Thedifficultystartswhenastakeholderattemptstomeasurethenegativeeffectsoftheiractivitiesontheenvironment.Evenincaseswheremeasurementseemspossible,thenextdifficultyarisesatagreeingthecriteriatobeconsideredandthethresholdlevelsofunacceptableeffects.Tourismtraditionallyhasbeenconsideredarelativelygreenindustry,withtheexceptionofitstransportandlanddevelopmentimplications,andforthisreasonithasonlyrecentlybecomeanareaofconcern（FontandTribe,2001）.

3.GREENTOURISMCERTIFICATIONINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES

Thedamagingimpactsoftourismdevelopmentindevelopingcountrieshavebeenwelldiscussedinpastresearch.Recognizingthenaturalenvironmentasavitaltourismresource,publicandprivatesectorsofthetourismindustryareincreasinglyadoptingandimplementingenvironmentallycompatibledevelopmentmeasuresinordertolimitthenegativeenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwithtourismdevelopment.Keyelementsofenvironmentallysensitivetourismdevelopment,ingeneral,includerestrictingandregulatingnewdevelopment,preservingandprotectingareasofoutstandingnaturalbeautyandbiologicaldiversity,andrehabilitatingolderresortsanddestinations（Lockhart,1997）.

AccordingtoMiddletonandHawkins（1998）,thetourismindustryusesgreentourismcertificationorenvironmentalawardsastrademarksorlogostocommunicatetheenvironmentalqualificationsofacompany,withthehopesthatcustomersdeveloppositiveattitudestowardtheirproductorservice.Inthemarketplace,thistypeofstrategycangivecompaniesadifferentialadvantageovertheircompetitors.Theuseofgreentourismcertificationissuedbyrespectedbodyisusuallyintended（Sasidharanetal.,2002）:

（i）tocontroltourism‘snegativeenvironmentalimpactsonthenaturalresourcebaseofdestinationareasbyencouragingtourismenterprisestoachievehighenvironmentalstandards,（ii）toeducatetouristsregardingtheimpactsoftheiractionsanddecisions,and（iii）todevelopstandardsforenvironmentallyfriendlytourismproductsandservices.

Theutilizationofgreentourismcertificationindevelopingcountrieswouldslotinwithpoliciesrelatingtonaturalresourcemanagement,environmentalconservationandprotection,andpollutioncontrolwhileconformingtotheconceptofenvironmentallyfriendlytourismdevelopment（Hashimoto,1999;ErdoganandTosun,2009）.Thegreentourismconceptwouldbehighlyappealingtothetourismenterprisesofdevelopingcountriesowingtoincreasinggovernmentalpressureonthetourismindustrytoimproveenvironmentalperformancebyadoptingeffectiveandtangibleenvironmentalmanagementtechniques（Zhangetal.,1999）.Furthermore,achievementandpromotionofinternationallyrecognizedenvironmentalawardswouldbeinstrumentaltothetourismenterprisesofdevelopingcountriesinmarketingtheirservices（Mihalic,2000）.

Inrecognizingtheneedtomaintainthebalancebetweentourismdevelopmentandtheenvironmentthroughappropriateplanningandmanagementoftourismresources,manyconcernedpartiesindevelopingcountriesputforwardrecommendationsforgreentourismproductstoregulatetourism‘snegativeimpacts（MiddletonandHawkins,1998;Sasidharanetal.,2002;Batta,2009）.Asmentionedearlier,thegreentourismcertificationmaybeappliedtohotels,resorts,marinas,travelagencies,tour

operators,groundandwatertransportationservices,airlines,andmayalsobeextendedtocertifytheenvironmentalsoundnessoftouristdestinationsandthenaturalresourcesatthesedestinations（Mihalic,2000）.Whiletourismenterprisesofdevelopingcountriesarepredominantlycomprisedofprivatelyowned,large,internationallyfranchisedchainsononehand,andsmall-scaleentrepreneurialbusinessesontheother,tourismresourcesinthesecountriesarelargelycontrolledandoperatedbythepublicsector（Brohman,1996;Zhangetal.,1999）.Certificationeffortswouldbestressedbyissuessuchasconflictsofinterestamongstakeholdersdistrustinscientificaccuracyofassessmentsandindustrypressureforrelaxationofcertificationcriteria（West,1995;HemmelskampandBrockmann,1997）.

4.GREENTOURISMCERTIFICATIONPROCESSES

Certificationisdefinedasavoluntaryprocedurethatassesses,audits,andgiveswrittenassurancethatafacility,productorservicemeetsspecificstandardsandawardsamarketablelogotothosethatmeetorexceedbaselinestandards.Thepurposeofcertificationhasbeentoachievevoluntarystandardsofperformancethatmeetorexceedbaselinestandardsorlegislation.Theprocessstartswithabodythatsetscrediblecertificationstandards.Thecertificationbodyhastobewithoutconflictofinterest,andtheindicatorsformeetingstandardsshouldberecognizedbyanaccreditationbody.Theapplicantorbusinessthenisassessedaccordingtotheindicatorsand,ifsuccessful,receivesrecognition,usuallyintheformofalogo,whichinformstheconsumerthatthebusinesshasmetminimumcriteria（HoneyandRome,2000）.

5.COMPARATIVEAPPROACHESOFGREENTOURISM

TheconceptofgreentourismindevelopedcountriessuchasinJapanissimilartoruraltourismconcept,whereitisconductedwithinthenaturalenvironment,andofferstouristsopportunitiestoexperiencelocalcultureandrurallifestyle（Arahi,1998）.Ruralresidentsareinvolvedinagricultureandforestryindustryplayimportantrolesinmanagingtheenvironmen