为可持续发展推广绿色旅游外文翻译.docx
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为可持续发展推广绿色旅游外文翻译
外文翻译
原文
PROMOTINGGREENTOURISMFORFUTURESUSTAINABILITY
MaterialSource:
TheoreticalandEmpiricalResearchesinUrbanManagementNumber8(17)/November2010
Author:
AlhilalFurqan&AhmadPuadMatSom&RosazmanHussin
Abstract
Greentourismisdefinedasenvironmentallyfriendlytourismactivitieswithvariousfocusesandmeanings.Inabroadterm,greentourismisaboutbeinganenvironmentallyfriendlytouristorprovidingenvironmentallyfriendlytouristservices.Thegreentourismconceptwouldbehighlyappealingtotourismenterprisesandoperatorsowingtoincreasinggovernmentalpressuretoimproveenvironmentalperformancebyadoptingeffectiveandtangibleenvironmentalmanagementtechniques.Furthermore,achievementandpromotionofinternationallyrecognizedenvironmentalawardswouldbeinstrumentaltothetourismenterprisesinmarketingtheirservices.Asaresult,manyconcernedandresponsiblepartiesputforwardrecommendationsforgreentourismproductstoregulatetourism‘snegativeimpacts.Thisconceptualpaperattemptstodiscussgreentourismconcept,greentourismcertificationanditsprocessesaswellexplainthecomparativeapproachesofgreentourisminafewcountries.Towardstheend,bythisgreenlabeling,theindustrycanlegitimatelyopenupnewareasforthemorediscriminatingandwiderrangeofthemarket,andtouristsorvisitorscanenjoytheholidaytheywantwithaclearconscience.
Keywords:
green,tourism,certification,sustainability
1.INTRODUCTION
Theemergenceoftourismasamajorindustryisoneofthemostremarkablechangesthathavetakenplaceintheglobaleconomicactivity(Sinclair,1998).Tourismisthethirdlargesteconomicactivityintheworld(afteroilandautomobiles),anditisoneofthefastest-growingactivities(Batta,2009).TheWorldTourismOrganization(WTO,2008)projectsthatbytheyear2010,internationaltouristarrivalswillhaveincreasedto1.018billionandadirectreceiptisexpectedtoUS$1.55trillion.Receiptsfromtourismmakeanimportantcontributiontotheeconomiesofthedevelopingcountriesintermsofincome,employment,andbalanceofpaymentseffects.Becauseofthis,manydevelopingcountrieshavebeguntoactivelypursuetourismasameanstocreatejobs,diversifytheireconomies,andearnforeigncurrency.
Amongthethreemajorimpactsoftourism—economic,socio-culturalandenvironmental—theeconomicimpactplayedadominantroleinpolicy-making(Sinclair,1998).Withthefocusontheeconomicbenefitsthataccompaniedthedevelopmentoftourism,theadversesocio-culturalandenvironmentalimpactsoftourismwererelativelyignored.Basedontheeconomicbenefits,tourismdevelopmentwasprescribedasapanaceaformanysocialandeconomicproblems.Thisledtotheindiscriminateandunplannedgrowthoftourisminfrastructureinmanycountries,andsoonthenegativeeffectsintheformofsocialandenvironmentaldegradationbegantoemerge.Duetoenhancedawarenessofthenegativeimpactoftourismontheenvironment,effortshavebeenmadetodevelopapproachesformakingtourismsustainable.Thelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedagrowinginterestintherelationshipbetweentourismdevelopmentandenvironmentalquality(ErdoganandTosun,2009),withtheemergenceofspecialinteresttourismincludinggreentourism.
2.GREENTOURISMCONCEPT
Theconceptofagreenproductisonethatiseasiertousethantodefine.Greentourismisusedtoindicateenvironmentallyfriendlytourismbuthavedifferentfocusesandmeanings.Oftensuchclaimsusetermswhichlackofacceptedorstandarddefinitions,orutilizeextravagantlanguagetowashtheemptinessoftheclaimbeingmade(NCC,1996).Thesetermsareusedfortwopurposes:
first,totellcustomersthattheholidaydestinationtheyaregoingtoisbeautifulandunspoilt.Greentourismoranothertermrelatedtoenvironmentalconcernismostlyusedtolabelnatureholidaystoexoticdestinations(Wight,1994).Second,greentourismclaimscanbeusedtosignalthattourismoperationstakingplaceinthatareadonotharmtheenvironment(FontandTribe,2001).
Inlooseterms,aproductorservicecanbesaidtobegreenwhenitisbeneficialtotheproducerandconsumerwithoutharmingtheenvironment.Thedifficultystartswhenastakeholderattemptstomeasurethenegativeeffectsoftheiractivitiesontheenvironment.Evenincaseswheremeasurementseemspossible,thenextdifficultyarisesatagreeingthecriteriatobeconsideredandthethresholdlevelsofunacceptableeffects.Tourismtraditionallyhasbeenconsideredarelativelygreenindustry,withtheexceptionofitstransportandlanddevelopmentimplications,andforthisreasonithasonlyrecentlybecomeanareaofconcern(FontandTribe,2001).
3.GREENTOURISMCERTIFICATIONINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES
Thedamagingimpactsoftourismdevelopmentindevelopingcountrieshavebeenwelldiscussedinpastresearch.Recognizingthenaturalenvironmentasavitaltourismresource,publicandprivatesectorsofthetourismindustryareincreasinglyadoptingandimplementingenvironmentallycompatibledevelopmentmeasuresinordertolimitthenegativeenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwithtourismdevelopment.Keyelementsofenvironmentallysensitivetourismdevelopment,ingeneral,includerestrictingandregulatingnewdevelopment,preservingandprotectingareasofoutstandingnaturalbeautyandbiologicaldiversity,andrehabilitatingolderresortsanddestinations(Lockhart,1997).
AccordingtoMiddletonandHawkins(1998),thetourismindustryusesgreentourismcertificationorenvironmentalawardsastrademarksorlogostocommunicatetheenvironmentalqualificationsofacompany,withthehopesthatcustomersdeveloppositiveattitudestowardtheirproductorservice.Inthemarketplace,thistypeofstrategycangivecompaniesadifferentialadvantageovertheircompetitors.Theuseofgreentourismcertificationissuedbyrespectedbodyisusuallyintended(Sasidharanetal.,2002):
(i)tocontroltourism‘snegativeenvironmentalimpactsonthenaturalresourcebaseofdestinationareasbyencouragingtourismenterprisestoachievehighenvironmentalstandards,(ii)toeducatetouristsregardingtheimpactsoftheiractionsanddecisions,and(iii)todevelopstandardsforenvironmentallyfriendlytourismproductsandservices.
Theutilizationofgreentourismcertificationindevelopingcountrieswouldslotinwithpoliciesrelatingtonaturalresourcemanagement,environmentalconservationandprotection,andpollutioncontrolwhileconformingtotheconceptofenvironmentallyfriendlytourismdevelopment(Hashimoto,1999;ErdoganandTosun,2009).Thegreentourismconceptwouldbehighlyappealingtothetourismenterprisesofdevelopingcountriesowingtoincreasinggovernmentalpressureonthetourismindustrytoimproveenvironmentalperformancebyadoptingeffectiveandtangibleenvironmentalmanagementtechniques(Zhangetal.,1999).Furthermore,achievementandpromotionofinternationallyrecognizedenvironmentalawardswouldbeinstrumentaltothetourismenterprisesofdevelopingcountriesinmarketingtheirservices(Mihalic,2000).
Inrecognizingtheneedtomaintainthebalancebetweentourismdevelopmentandtheenvironmentthroughappropriateplanningandmanagementoftourismresources,manyconcernedpartiesindevelopingcountriesputforwardrecommendationsforgreentourismproductstoregulatetourism‘snegativeimpacts(MiddletonandHawkins,1998;Sasidharanetal.,2002;Batta,2009).Asmentionedearlier,thegreentourismcertificationmaybeappliedtohotels,resorts,marinas,travelagencies,tour
operators,groundandwatertransportationservices,airlines,andmayalsobeextendedtocertifytheenvironmentalsoundnessoftouristdestinationsandthenaturalresourcesatthesedestinations(Mihalic,2000).Whiletourismenterprisesofdevelopingcountriesarepredominantlycomprisedofprivatelyowned,large,internationallyfranchisedchainsononehand,andsmall-scaleentrepreneurialbusinessesontheother,tourismresourcesinthesecountriesarelargelycontrolledandoperatedbythepublicsector(Brohman,1996;Zhangetal.,1999).Certificationeffortswouldbestressedbyissuessuchasconflictsofinterestamongstakeholdersdistrustinscientificaccuracyofassessmentsandindustrypressureforrelaxationofcertificationcriteria(West,1995;HemmelskampandBrockmann,1997).
4.GREENTOURISMCERTIFICATIONPROCESSES
Certificationisdefinedasavoluntaryprocedurethatassesses,audits,andgiveswrittenassurancethatafacility,productorservicemeetsspecificstandardsandawardsamarketablelogotothosethatmeetorexceedbaselinestandards.Thepurposeofcertificationhasbeentoachievevoluntarystandardsofperformancethatmeetorexceedbaselinestandardsorlegislation.Theprocessstartswithabodythatsetscrediblecertificationstandards.Thecertificationbodyhastobewithoutconflictofinterest,andtheindicatorsformeetingstandardsshouldberecognizedbyanaccreditationbody.Theapplicantorbusinessthenisassessedaccordingtotheindicatorsand,ifsuccessful,receivesrecognition,usuallyintheformofalogo,whichinformstheconsumerthatthebusinesshasmetminimumcriteria(HoneyandRome,2000).
5.COMPARATIVEAPPROACHESOFGREENTOURISM
TheconceptofgreentourismindevelopedcountriessuchasinJapanissimilartoruraltourismconcept,whereitisconductedwithinthenaturalenvironment,andofferstouristsopportunitiestoexperiencelocalcultureandrurallifestyle(Arahi,1998).Ruralresidentsareinvolvedinagricultureandforestryindustryplayimportantrolesinmanagingtheenvironmen