初三英语 第89讲 Module4 A taste of literature一语法.docx

1、初三英语 第89讲 Module4 A taste of literature一语法第8讲 Module4 A taste of literature(一)(语法)Guess the meaning of the following proverbsGod helps those who help themselves.自助者天助之。 He who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。定语：是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句

2、子，汉语中常用“的”表示。a clever boy the boiling waterfallen leavesThe man who you are looking for定语从句定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句。Do you know the man who came to see Xiao Yang this morning? Tom is a handsome boy.The little boy needs a blue pen.The boy in the classroom needs a pen.The pen bought by her is made in China.T

3、he man standing there is my teacher.The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.小结论： 单词或单个的分词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。分词短语，介短和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 先行词:被修饰的名词或代词。关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词: that, which, who, whom, whose, as关系副词: where, when, why重要推论：关系词的3个作用1引导定语从句。2代

4、替先行词。3在定语从句中担当一个成分。题一：Match the two sentences1.Im reading a book. The book is about Bill Gates. _2.He is a teacher. The teacher teaches us Chinese._ 3.I dont like the man. He is smoking._4.Where is the picture? You bought it last week._He is a Chinese. He plays an important part in NBA.变为定语从句He was

5、born in Shanghai.Shanghai is an international city.警示: 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。Those who are against the plan put up your hands.The man who is next to us sells vegetable.典型考点题二：Tom is one of the students who praised by the teacher yesterday.Tom is the only one of the students who praised

6、 by the teacher yesterday.He is a good man.People are proud of him.变为定语从句He loves basketball.He plays basketball very well.变为定语从句He is a famous basketball player.His wife is Ye Li.关系代词that, which引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示物的名词或代词，关系代词应用that、which. (作主语或宾语)which / that 作主语. (不能省)This is a dream.The dream will n

7、ever come true.This is a dream which/that will never come true.The dog has been found.The dog was lost.The dog which was lost has been found.（作主语）which / that 作宾语 ： （可省略）This is the card.Ive just received the card.This is the card （which / that）Ive just received. 作宾语关系代词who, that, whom引导的定语从句:如果先行词是

8、表示人的名词或代词，关系代词应用who, that (作主语或宾语) whom (作宾语)who / that 作主语. (不能省)This is the film star.The film star is very popular in China.This is the film star who/that is very popular in China. (作主语)who / whom / that 作宾语：(可省略)The man is a famous writer.He described the man just now.The man ( who/ whom/ that )

9、 he described just now is a famous writer. (作宾语）小结：that 既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。which指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略.who 指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略,（常用whom）注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词决定。whose 作定语,表示所属关系。The boy is my classmate.The boys father is a policeman.The boy whose father is a policeman is my classma

10、te.The boy who is reading needs the pen.whose引导的定语从句注意点whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。The boss in whose department he worked had heard the news.whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。whose的先行词指物时，可用of which代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词 = the+名词+of which，或= of which + the + 名词。The novel whose title (=

11、the title of which或of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting.whose的先行词指人时，可用of whom代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词 = the+名词+of whom，或= of whom + the + 名词。The boy whose mother (= the mother of whom或of whom the mother) is a doctor is my friend.题三：The boy _ is playing ping-pong is my classmate.题四：The

12、 e-mail _ I received yesterday was from my sister.题五：The man _ hair is white is his grandfather.题六：我不认识那个和你说话的女孩。题七：她是一个叫玛丽的女孩。题八：那些正在打网球的男孩是我的朋友。第9讲 Module4 A taste of literature(二)(语法)表示方位、场所的介词in, on, toin表示在某一地区之内的某方位（属于该范围）；on表示与某地是毗邻关系;to表示在某一地区之外的某方位（不属于该范围）。题一：Harbin is _ northern China. 哈尔滨

13、在中国北部。North Korea is _ the east of China. 朝鲜位于中国东部。Japan is _ the east of China. 日本位于中国东部。/日本位于中国东面。三组表示位置关系的介词比较in + 大地方 at + 小地方 on +门牌，某层楼题二：My uncle live _ F12 _the fifth floor.A. at, on B. in, on C. on, atThey arrived _Beijing at 12:00 and waited for a bus _ the station to the hotel.A. at, in B

14、. in, on C. in, at题三：We are _Team One. I sit _ the front of the classroom. Li Ping is _ my left.A. on, in , at B. in ,in ,at C. in, at, onI have a good seat. I sit _ the bus.A. in the front of B. in front of over, above, onover指“在的正上方”，表示垂直在上。above指“在上方”。on指“在上面”，表示两物体接触。题四：There is a bridge _ the r

15、iver. 这条河上有一座桥。Raise your arms _ your head. 把你的手臂举过头。The notebook is _ the bed. 笔记本在床上。below 和underbelow表示“在下方或位置低于”，不一定有“垂直在下”之意；under表示“在正下方”。The dog is under the table. 小狗在桌子底下。There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有各式各样的鱼。near near表示“在附近的，不远的”,是far的反义词。 next to 指紧挨着。Is ther

16、e a bus stop near here? 这附近有公共汽车站吗？byby 指“在旁边”，距离比near要近，有时也可用beside。The boy is standing by the window. 这个男孩站在窗户旁边。betweenbetween 表示“在两者之间”，常与and连用；She is sitting between Kate and Rose.她坐在凯特和罗斯之间。around 表示“环绕，在周围，在四周”；They walked around the street.他们在街上到处走。among指在三者或更多的之中，其宾语通常是复数名词或复数代词。There is a

17、beautiful house among the trees.林子里有一栋漂亮的房子。before, behindbefore 表示位置关系时与in front of 通用，表示“在前面”；behind 表示“在后面”；There is a tree in front of the house.There is a tree behind the house.behind = at the back ofin front of /in the front of in front of 表示“在范围外的前面”；in the front of 表示“在范围内的前面”。Our teacher us

18、ually stands in the front of the classroom.He sits before / in front of me.along表示“沿着”walk along the river 沿着河边散步ride along the road 沿着马路骑车across表示“横过”;swim across the river 横渡过河walk across the street 过马路through表示“贯穿，通过”，从内部穿过。walk through the forest 穿过森林flow through the city 流过城市in表“在之内”，用于静止的位置；Th

19、e students are in the classroom.学生们在教室。into表“进入”，用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向，常用于go, walk, come, run, jump等动词之后；The students are running into the classroom.学生们正跑进教室。out of 表示“从里面出来”，也有一定的运动方向。He rushed out of the room.to表示“到达地点（目的地）或方向”；He came to Japan in 1999. 他1999年来到日本。for表示目的地时，一般和固定词搭配，leave for(动身去), star

20、t for（出发去）；Ill leave for America next week. 下周我将动身去美国。from注重起点，表示从起;Its about ten minutes walk from here to the cinema.从这儿到电影院大约需要十分钟。题五：There are some stamps _ the desk. ( on, over, above)题六：After we swam _ the river, we walked _ a forest.(across, along, through)题七：We planted some trees _ the house

21、. (in front of , in the front of )题八：We are sitting _ the teacher, playing games. ( between, among, around )题九：Sally is very happy. There is a big smile _ her face. ( on, in, to )表示方式、手段和材料或工具的介词with表示“和在一起”Will you please go with me?表示“具有，带有”He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.用某种具体有形的工具He

22、 wrote the letter with a new pen.without表示没有，是with的反义词。Men cant live without air and water.没有空气和水人类无法生存。Please give me a cup of coffee without milk.请给我一杯不加奶的咖啡。in 用什么材料，例如墨水，铅笔等；She wrote a letter in black ink.用某种语言；Whats that in English, Mary?表示衣着或某种声调特点。The girl in red is my sister.She always answ

23、ers my questions in a soft voice.by 表示用某种方式或手段，在名词前不加冠词，若后接动词，须将动词变为动名词形式。He goes to school by bicycle. 他骑自行车上学。He makes a living by teaching. 他靠教书谋生。The hat is made by hand. 这顶帽子是手工做的。Tips：by bus = on a / the busby car = in a / ones car表示“排除”或“包括”的介词except表示“把排除之外”，与“but”通用。Everyone is here except

24、/ but Tom. 除了Tom 大家都来了。I looked everywhere except / but bathroom. 除了浴室我哪都找了。besides 用于肯定句时，表示“除了还有”。She also likes purple besides pink. 除了粉色她还喜欢紫色。including 强调同类事物中包含具有另外特征的一部分。There are 20 passengers on the bus, including five kids.车上有20名乘客，包括5个孩子。表示“关于”的介词about 表示“关于，有关”，强调内容；Please tell me someth

25、ing about your English study.请告诉我一些有关你英语学习的情况。on 表示“关于，论及”，多用于演说和学术论文上。He wrote a book on education.他写了一本有关教育的书。be made / used 之后介词的选择1）be made in 在某地生产制造;The car was made in China. 这辆车是中国制造的。2）be made of 和 be made from 都可以表示“由制成”，但be made of强调从成品中能看出原材料，而 be made from 则表示从成品上看不出原材料;The house is mad

26、e of stone. 这房子是石头造的。 Cheese is made from milk. 奶酪是牛奶做的。3）be made into 表示“被制成”, 什么东西被制成什么东西。Milk is made into yogurt. 牛奶可做成酸奶。be used 常见结构be used to 表“习惯于（做）”, 后接名词、代词或动名词形式。He isnt used to the weather in Chongqing. 他不习惯重庆的天气。Are you used to living here? 你习惯住这了吗？be used for 表“用于做”, for 后面接动名词。Theyre

27、 used for seeing in the dark. 它们被用来在黑夜中看东西。be used as 表“被当做来使用”。Dog is used as a means of transport. 狗被作为交通工具来使用。be used by 表“被使用”。Dictionaries are used widely by pupils. 字典已经广泛被小学生使用了。介词和动词的固定搭配同一动词和不同介词的搭配look at (看) look for(找)look after(照顾) look over(检查)look out of (朝外面看)look (a)round(环视)arrive

28、in大地方(到达)arrive at小地方(到达)hear of (听说)hear from(收到的来信)spend钱on sth.(花钱做某事)spend时间(in) doing sth.(花时间做某事)同一介词和不同动词的搭配ask for (要求)leave for (动身去)send for (派人去请)pay for (付钱)wait for (等待)agree with sb (同意某人)begin with (以开始)help with (在方面帮助)catch up with (赶上)get on/along with (与相处)make friends with (与交朋友)

29、其他的介词和动词的搭配：listen to (听)come from (来自)fall off (从上摔下)try out (试验)knock at/on (敲)prefer.to. (比起来还是好)learn by oneself (自学)take care of (照顾)stop.(from)doing (阻止做)help oneself to食物 (随便吃)get to (到达)Thanks to (多亏，由于)介词和形容词的常见搭配be good at (在方面好)be weak in (在方面差)be good for (对有好处)be bad for (对有坏处)be late for (迟到)be sorry for (为遗憾，抱歉)be full of (充满)be busy with (忙于)be angry with (对某人生气)be afraid of (害怕)be interested in (对感兴趣)be different from (与不同)be strict with sb. in sth.(在某事上对某人严格)be fond of (喜爱)