蛰伏版新概念英语4逐句解析.docx

1、蛰伏版新概念英语4逐句解析蛰伏版新概念英语4逐句解析（正序版第一版）说明：一、【讲词】实际就是对单词及短语的解释，主要依据是简明英汉词典（金山词霸里的，感觉这词典收入的短语非常全）、朗文当代英语词典美国传统词典（灵格斯词霸里的）等。二、【讲句】大部分出自权威的新概念学习书籍新概念英语自学导读，部分参照钻研新概念英语（这本书的立意还算不错，可惜99%的翻译与自学导读一致，解析95%以上与自学导读相同）。需要说明的是，这两本书都是相对权威，其实有不少地方都有曲解现象。对有争议的部分本人全部列出，供大家参考。对于没有解析的部分，本人依自己的理解及网友的讨论作了说明，欢迎批评指正。三、学习建议：使用光

2、标下移键，先看英文，再看解析，逐句理解，务求每个句子的句子结构了如指掌。如此十遍，当受益匪浅。对于句中的生词，建议使用灵格斯词霸里的朗文当代英英词典取词翻译，如果不懂，再用金山词霸取词翻译。也就是先用英英词典，再用英汉词典。使用英英词典，是英语水平提高的必由之路。同时，全英文环境有利于英语学习的提速。现在我使用全英文的windows XP和全英文的手机系统，不少单词在反复见面时就会了。四、为方便大家学习英语，特组建“新概念英语4学习交流”群，群号：1。蛰伏版新概念英语4逐句解析最新版会在群共享里及时更新。欢迎加入，共同讨论提高。Part 1Unit 1Lesson 1 Finding foss

3、il man【整句翻译】发现化石人【讲词】fossil man 化石人。We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. 【整句翻译】我们从书籍中可以读到5,000年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。【讲词】read of 读到，获悉。read v. 了解，获得。在一定程度上可与read about互换使用，但后者通常指“读到/获悉有关情况”。此外，使用read about时read可用all、much、a little等词

4、说明“讲到/获悉一般情况”，而使用read of时read后则不能使用类似的词。the Near East 近东，指亚洲西南部和非洲东北部地区。learn (how) to do sthI learnt to drive when I was 17.【讲句】But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. 【整句翻译】但直到现在，世界上仍然有些地方；人们还不会书写。【讲词】【讲句】The only way that they can preserve their history is to rec

5、ount it as sagaslegends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. 【整句翻译】他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。【讲词】hand down 遗留; 流传, 传下。【讲句】to recount it as sagas 为动词不定式短语作表语，用来说明主语way（办法）的情况。动词不定式短语作表语同be to do结构即在be动词后用一个动词不定式结构作复合谓语之间的不同：前者用来说明主语的内容，而后者则用来表示主语“计划或安排好做”之意

6、，即句子主语即为该动词不定式的逻辑主语。another后省略generation of storytellers。These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. 【整句翻译】这些传说是很有用的，因为它们能告诉我们以往人们迁居的情况。但是；没有人能把他们当时做的事情记载下来。【讲词】write down 写下，记下。【讲句】none of作主语，of后

7、为可数名词时谓语动词多用复数，也可用单数；of后为不可数名词时谓语动词只能用单数。none of后的名词或代词只能用于指3个以上的人或物，不能用来指两个以下的人或物。注意none与no one在使用中的不同。no one中的no为形容词，one为代词，多用来指人，其意为not even one，语气较none强。作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。在简略答语中，none用来回答对数量的提问，no one用来回答对“谁”的提问。Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoplesnow living

8、in the PacificIslands came from. 【整句翻译】人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方。【讲词】where n. 何处，什么来源，什么原因：Where are you from?你从哪里来? 美国传统词典【讲句】where作wondered的宾语从句，now living in the Pacific Islands为现在分词短语作the Polynesian peoples的定语。复数形式peoples用来表示多个民族。【云注】where引导的宾语从句的主干是：whereancestorscame from。The sagas of

9、 these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. 【整句翻译】当地人的传说却告诉了人们：其中有一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。【讲词】explain v. 说明。about adv. 大约。【讲句】But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. 【整句翻译】但是，和我们相似的原始人

10、生活的年代太久远了；因此，有关他们的传说即使有如今也失传了。【讲词】the first people,原始人。【讲句】if they had any作插入语，承上，any后省略了sagas。So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the firstmodern men came from. 【整句翻译】于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。【讲词】neithernor/eitheror用于连接并列主语时，谓语动词形式需同最

11、邻近的评语（即nor后的主语）保持一致。find out 找出，发现。【讲句】Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. 【整句翻译】然而，幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因力燧石较之其他石头更易成形。【讲词】【讲句】other kinds承前省略of stone。They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rot

12、ted away. 【整句翻译】他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。【讲词】【讲句】may动词的现在完成时表示讲话人从目前的角度仍认为过去某事曾发生过，但把握性不大，通常含有“或许/也许发生了”这样怀疑或推测的意味。Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 【整句翻译】石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存；但远古时代

13、的石头工具却保存了下来。【讲词】【讲句】这个以when引导的状语从句表示让步的意思，而when可以译成“虽然”，“尽管”。在一定的语境中，when还可以引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”、“只要”之意。如：Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 如果机器发生故障，就把开关关掉。Lesson 2 Spare that spider【整句翻译】不要伤害蜘蛛【讲词】spare v. 不伤害，饶恕。Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? 【整句翻译】你可能会

14、觉得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？【讲词】【讲句】you may wonder 是这个疑问句的插入语。Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. 【整句翻译】因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌。【讲词】human race 人种。【讲句】Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our

15、crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. 【整句翻译】要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护，昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去，昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。【讲词】flocks and herds 成群的牛羊。flock n. 兽群, 鸟群, 一群人, 大量, 棉束。herd n. 兽群，牧群。【讲句】would make、would devour和were均为虚拟语气。if it were not for（如果

16、不是因为/由于）是表示与现实不符的虚拟语气结构，通常用于表示“因为现实这一特定条件而改变了一切”之意。其过去式为if it had not been for，即为表示与过去事实不符的虚拟语气结构。【云注】if it were not for 中的for可以理解为：prep. (表示原因)因为, 由于, 作为的结果。 Im pretty angry with you for not telling me. 由于你没有告诉我, 我对你很生气。【新东方互动讲解】这里讨论虚拟语气的高级用法：一、if it were not for 要不是因为的话。I wouldnt be here if it wer

17、e not for you.I would have already died if it hadnt been for your help.在阅读里，很多情况下if都被省略掉而were会被提到前面去，形成倒装。而且，使用if it were not for还需要判断是与现在有关还是与过去有关，但使用but for、but that就不必。但使用but that不需要使用虚拟语气。But for your help, I would have died.But for you, I wouldnt be here now.But that I was poor, I would have al

18、ready lent you the money.二、whether it be 管他是。whether后使用be动词原形是很正式的虚拟，至于be前面省略了什么，大家不必管他，因为它永远都不会出现。Whether it be black or white, a cat is a nice one so long as it can catch mice.Whether it be dead or alive, I am interested in anything that is a life.把whether去掉，再把be动词提前，就变成了be it。在今后的写作中，把它当作插入语的形式写入

19、，非常显水平。She can translate all these books into Chinese, be they in English, French or Latin.Everybody, be it man or woman, will have to attend this meeting.三、if only 要是就好了。表示一个强烈的愿望。if only I had a carif only you had finished your homeworkif need be 如果有必要。If need be, we will leave tonight.as it were

20、姑且可以这样说。He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.四、given that/assuming that/provided that 假如（if）。后面不用虚拟语气，用陈述语气就好了。Given that he doesnt agree to do it, we shall do it alone.We would have arrived much earlier if it hadnt been for the snow.We would have arrived much earlier assuming that it didnt snow.

21、We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of themput togetherkillonly a fraction of the numberdestroyed by spiders. 【整句翻译】我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。【讲词】owe to 应该感谢; 把归功于。put together 组成整体。a fraction of 一小部分。【讲句】put together和destroyed by spiders都是过去分词短语作定语，分

22、别修饰them和the number。【云注】but之后的主干：allkillonly a fraction。Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings. 【整句翻译】此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。【讲词】do harm to sb./sth.与do sb./sth. harm 对某人/某物造成损害。【讲句】Spiders are not insects, as many people think

23、, nor even nearly related to them. 【整句翻译】许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。【讲词】related toHe suffers with memory loss related to his disease.【讲句】nor even为省略句，省略了are spiders，完整形式为：nor are spiders even nearly related to them。【云注】此句翻译最值商榷。曾经与网友进行过讨论，但最后并没有得到一致的结果。问题讨论网址：许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。外研社新概念英语许

24、多人认为蜘蛛不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。钻研新概念与很多人认为的相反，蜘蛛不是昆虫，甚至也不是昆虫的近亲。旧版世图版新概念英语附注：由于蜘蛛不是昆虫，作者的本意肯定是想表达“许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫”，但这里as many people think的语法是怎样的呢？02-10.nce【新东方互动讲解】as many people think“正如许多人所想的那样”。那么，许多人是怎样想的呢？一、许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫；二、许多人认为蜘蛛不是昆虫。根据上下文，本句选择“一”。为什么这样翻译呢？试看as引导的句子做插入语的状语。nce3 L22里有一句：But the copy he gave him

25、 had not been written out in full as usual.（他给他的那封信没像平常一样被全文写出）。试将其与“But the copy he gave him had not, as usual, been written out in full.”（他给他的那封信，就像平常一样，没有被全文写出）比较。由此可见，as引导的插入语直接修饰前面的那一个单字。as many people think直接放到insects后边，所以翻译成“许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫”。试将本句变形为：Spiders are not, as many people think, insects,

26、nor even nearly related to them.本句就要翻译成：正如许多人所想的那样，蜘蛛不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。再比如：You are not beautiful as usual. 你不像平常一样漂亮。You are not, as usual, beautiful.你像平常一样不漂亮。One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. 【整句翻译】人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，因为蜘

27、蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。【讲词】at a glance 看一眼就; 马上。【讲句】How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf? 【整句翻译】有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？【讲词】be engaged in 从事于。on ones behalf 为的利益,代表。【讲句】One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there wer

28、e more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. 【整句翻译】一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。这就是说，在一个足球场上约有600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。【讲词】on prep. 涉及；关于。made a census of 对进行一次（数据统计）调查。something like 大约; 类似。【讲句】Spiders are busy for at lea

29、st half the year in killing insects. 【整句翻译】蜘蛛至少有半年忙于吃昆虫。【讲词】be busy in doing sth. 忙于做某事。be busy with sth. 忙于某事。【讲句】for at least half the year为介词短语作时间状语。half为形容词，作名词表达此意义时，其结构为half of the year。It is impossible to makemore than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, no

30、t content with only three meals a day. 【整句翻译】它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。【讲词】wild adj. 草率的。make a guess at 猜测某事。guess at 猜想。be content with 对满足。【讲句】not content with作非限定性定语从句，可以认为其前面省略了which are。more than为副词短语，修饰形容词wild的最高级形式the wildest，表示“极、非常、很、简直”等。how many they kill为一名词性从句，作at的宾语。It h

31、as been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country. 【整句翻译】据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过了这个国家人口的总重量。【讲词】【讲句】It为先行词，that引导的从句为其逻辑主语。Lesson 3 Matterhorn man【整句翻译】马特霍恩山区人Modern alpinists

32、try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. 【整句翻译】现代登山运动员总想找一条能够给他们带来运动乐趣的路线来攀登山峰。他们认为，道路愈艰险愈带劲儿。【讲词】【讲句】it指代route。In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. 【整句翻译】然而，在登山运动的初期，全然不是这种情况。【讲词】In the pioneering days 在初创时期。【讲句】The early cli