中国应对环境和气候变化政策和行动.docx

1、中国应对环境和气候变化政策和行动这是在国务院新闻办公室举办的新闻发布会现场发放的中国应对气候变化的政策与行动2012年度报告国家发展和改革委员会二一二年十一月TheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionNovember2012前言Foreword中国是受气候变化不利影响最为脆弱的国家之一。2011年以来，中国相继发生了南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害、长江中下游地区春夏连旱、南方暴雨洪涝灾害、沿海地区台风灾害、华西秋雨灾害和北京严重内涝等诸多极端天气气候事件，给经济社会发展和人民生命财产安全带来较大影响。2011年全年共有4.3亿人次不同程度地受灾，直接经济损失高达3

2、096亿元。Chinaisoneofthecountriesmostvulnerabletotheadverseimpactofclimatechange.Startingin2011,thecountryhasbeenhitbyastringofextremeweatherandclimateevents,includingthelow-temperaturefreezingrainandsnowinsouthChina,springandsummerdroughtsinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver,rainstormsandfloods

3、inthesouth,typhoonsincoastalareas,autumnrainsinwesternChinaandseriouswaterlogginginBeijing.TheseweatherandclimatedisastershaveimpactedChinaseconomicandsocialdevelopmentaswellaspeopleslivesandpropertyinalargedegree.In2011alone,naturaldisastersaffected430millionpeopleandcauseddirecteconomiclossesof309

4、.6billionyuan.中国政府高度重视气候变化问题。2011年十一届全国人大四次会议审议通过的国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要（以下简称纲要），明确了“十二五”时期中国经济社会发展的目标任务和总体部署，应对气候变化作为重要内容正式纳入国民经济和社会发展中长期规划。纲要将单位GDP能源消耗降低16%、单位GDP二氧化碳排放降低17%、非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到11.4%作为约束性指标，明确了未来五年中国应对气候变化的目标任务和政策导向，提出了控制温室气体排放、适应气候变化影响、加强应对气候变化国际合作等重点任务。TheChinesegovernmentattachesgreat

5、importancetotheissueofclimatechange.In2011,theFourthSessionoftheEleventhNationalPeoplesCongressapprovedtheOutlineofthe12thFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment,whichdefinestheobjectives,tasksandgeneralframeworkforChinaseconomicandsocialdevelopmentduringthe12thFive-YearPlanperiod.TheOu

6、tlineunderlinestheimportanceofclimatechangeandintegratesmeasuresforaddressingitintothecountrysmid-termandlong-termplansforeconomicandsocialdevelopment.ItsetsbindingtargetstoreduceenergyconsumptionperunitofGDPby16percent,cutCO2emissionsperunitofGDPby17percent,andraisetheproportionofnon-fossilfuelsint

7、heoverallprimaryenergymixto11.4percent.Itdefinestheobjectives,tasksandpolicyorientationofChinasresponsetoclimatechangeoverthenextfiveyearsandidentifieskeytasks,includingcontrollinggreenhousegasemissions,adaptingtoclimatechange,andstrengtheninginternationalcooperation.为落实“十二五”时期中国应对气候变化目标任务，推动绿色低碳发展，

8、中国国务院印发了“十二五”控制温室气体排放工作方案、“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案等一系列重要政策文件，加强对应对气候变化工作的规划指导。有关部门和地方政府积极采取行动，应对气候变化各项工作取得明显成效。在气候变化国际谈判中，中国继续发挥积极建设性作用，推动德班会议取得积极成果，为应对全球气候变化作出了重要贡献。Tofulfillthecountrysobjectivesandtasksinaddressingclimatechangeduringthe12thFive-YearPlanperiodandpromotegreenandlow-carbondevelopment,theStat

9、eCouncilhasissuedanumberofimportantpolicydocuments,includingtheWorkPlanforControllingGreenhouseGasEmissionsDuringthe12thFive-YearPlanPeriodandtheComprehensiveWorkPlanforEnergyConservationandEmissionReductionDuringthe12thFive-YearPlanPeriod,tostrengthenplanningandguidanceinaddressingclimatechange.Rel

10、evantdepartmentsandlocalgovernmentshaveactivelyaddressedclimatechangeandmaderemarkableprogressinthisregard.ChinacontinuestoplayapositiveandconstructiveroleininternationalclimatechangenegotiationsandpushedforpositiveoutcomesattheDurbanClimateChangeConference,therebymakingasignificantcontributiontoadd

11、ressingglobalclimatechange.为使各方面了解中国2011年以来应对气候变化采取的政策与行动及取得的成效，特编写本年度报告。ThisannualreporthasbeenissuedtoenableallpartiestofullyunderstandChinasactionsandpoliciesonclimatechange,andtosetoutthepositiveresultsachievedsince2011.二、适应气候变化2011年以来，中国政府积极采取措施，提高了重点领域适应气候变化的能力，减轻了气候变化对经济社会发展和人民生产生活的不利影响。II. A

12、dapting to Climate ChangeIn 2011 and 2012, the Chinese government took effective measures to enhance the capability of key sectors to adapt to climate change and reduced the negative impact of climate change on economic and social development, production and the peoples welfare.（一）农业领域(I) Agricultur

13、e农业部大力推动农田水利基本建设，提升农业综合生产能力。推动大规模旱涝保收标准农田建设。开展了大型灌区续建配套与大型灌溉排水泵站更新改造，扩大农业灌溉面积、提高灌溉效率。培育并推广产量高、品质优良的抗旱、抗涝、抗高温、抗病虫害等抗逆品种，进一步加大农作物良种补贴力度，加快推进良种培育、繁殖、推广一体化进程，目前全国主要农作物良种覆盖率达到95%以上，良种对粮食增产贡献率达到40%左右。The Ministry of Agriculture has energetically pursued the consolidation of farmland and water conservation

14、 infrastructure and the overall improvement of agricultural productivity. It encouraged the large-scale construction of farmland capable of producing stable yields despite drought or flood conditions. It developed new large-scale irrigation areas and renovated existing facilities, including irrigati

15、on and drainage pump stations, to expand the area under irrigation and improve irrigation efficiency. It continued to promote the cultivation of high quality seed varieties with high yield potential and resistance to drought, flooding, high temperature, diseases and pests. It increased subsidies to

16、accelerate the cultivation, reproduction and dissemination of superior crop strains. Currently, more than 95 percent of the farmland used for planting major crops nationwide is sown with superior strains, contributing about 40 percent of the increase in grain output.积极组织节水农业技术模式创新，突出工程、设备、生物、农艺和管理等措

17、施在田间的组装集成，总结提出了区域性骨干技术模式。示范推广了全膜双垄集雨沟播、膜下滴灌、测墒节灌等九大节水技术模式，建设节水农业示范基地，水分生产力比“十一五”之前提高10-30，促进了旱区粮食稳定增产、农民持续增收。The ministry has proactively advanced innovation in water-saving agricultural technology, focusing on the integration of engineering, infrastructure, biology, agronomy and management techniqu

18、es, and the promotion of regionally-applicable core technology. Nine water-saving technologies were demonstrated and promoted, including full plastic film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows, under-mulch drip irrigation and soil moisture-based on-demand irrigation. Water-savi

19、ng agricultural demonstration bases were constructed around the country, and water productivity increased by 10-30 percent over the period prior to the implementation of the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). These efforts have helped ensure a steady increase of grain output in drought-stricken areas

20、and continuous income growth for farmers.（二）林业及生态系统(II) Forestry and the Ecosystem林业局发布了林业应对气候变化“十二五”行动要点，提出了4项林业适应气候变化主要行动，着力加强森林抚育经营和森林火灾、林业微生物防控，优化森林结构，改善森林健康状况。贯彻落实国务院办公厅关于做好自然保护区管理有关工作的通知，严格限制自然保护区内的开发建设活动，强化监督管理，进一步加强国家重要生态区域和生物多样性关键地区保护。加强野生动植物保护和自然保护区建设，截至2011年底，新增国家级自然保护区23处，林业系统自然保护区已达2126

21、处，总面积达1.23亿公顷，占全国国土面积的12.78%。完成了80%以上国土面积的湿地资源调查任务，实施全国湿地保护工程项目39个，建设湿地保护管理站点100多处，新增湿地保护面积33万公顷，恢复湿地2.3万公顷，新增4处国际重要湿地和68处国家湿地公园试点。发布了中国国际重要湿地生态状况公报，初步构建了湿地生态系统健康价值功能评价指标体系，进一步加强了湿地恢复与保护。The State Forestry Administration published the Action Points for Chinas Forestry Departments in Response to Clim

22、ate Change During the 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015) Period, in which it sets out four major actions to be taken by forestry supervision authorities nationwide to adapt to climate change, inclduing intensified efforts in forest management, prevention of forest fires and control of harmful pests, fo

23、rest structure optimization, and improvement of forest health. Governments at all levels have fully implemented the Circular of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening Management of Nature Reserves. Stringent measures have been taken to control development of nature reserves across

24、the country. Supervision and management have been strengthened to better protect major ecological zones and key areas of biological diversity around the country. The government has improved its efforts to protect wild life and ensure the sound construction of nature reserves. By the end of 2011, the

25、 country had had 23 new state-level nature reserves. Forestry authorities nationwide had a total of 2,126 nature reserves under management, covering an area of 123 million hectares and accounting for 12.78 percent of the nations total land area. The government completed a survey of wetland resources

26、 in different provincial-level regions accounting for more than 80 percent of the countrys land area, implemented 39 wetland protection programs nationwide, constructed more than 100 stations for wetland protection and management, brought 330,000 hectares of new wetland under protection, restored 23

27、,000 hectares of existing wetland, established four new wetlands of international importance and developed 68 pilot national wetland parks. The government published the Communiqu on the Biological Status of Chinese Wetlands of International Importance, which includes an index for evaluating the biol

28、ogical health of Chinas wetlands that is of great help in strengthening the restoration and protection of the countrys wetlands.（三）水资源领域国务院发布了关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见，提出实行最严格的水资源管理制度要求，确立水资源开发利用、用水效率控制、水功能区限制纳污控制的“红线”，严格执行取水许可、水资源有偿使用、水自愿论证制度，全面推行节水型社会建设，成为指导我国今后一个时期水资源管理工作的纲领性文件。国务院批复了全国江河湖泊水功能区划、全国农村饮水安全

29、工程“十二五”规划和水利发展规划（2011-2015年）。水利部完成了全国地下水利用与保护等多项水利规划。工业和信息化部大力推进节水型工业体系建设，会同水利部、全国节约用水办公室印发了关于深入推进节水型企业建设工作的通知。(III) Water ResourcesThe State Council released the Opinions on Implementing the Strictest Water Resources Management System, which has become a major document guiding the countrys water re

30、source management. The document states the necessity of implementing a strict water resources control system, and explicitly specifies the main measures to be taken in three Red Lines control of the development and use of water resources, control of water use efficiency, and restriction of pollutant

31、s in water functional areas. Measures to be taken to boost the construction of a water-saving society in an all-round way include: strictly implementing the permit system for water withdrawal; strictly practicing reimbursable usage system on water resources; strictly implementing planning and enhancement of water resource assessments. The State Council has officially approved the National Water Function Zoning in Major Rivers and Lakes, the National Rural Drinking Wa