高考英语复习考点学与练 定语从句讲.docx

1、高考英语复习考点学与练 定语从句讲专题8 定语从句定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如：that，which和where，when的区分； that，which和why的区分等。 2考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose名词名词 of which of which名词。如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is

2、broken is on the second floor. 3考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。 4考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.5考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：The teacher i

3、n front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。如： He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句) 此外，“介词which 名词”结构，也是一个较为特殊的结构。如： He was very ill, in

4、which case(and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.6考查一些特殊的先行词。如：当situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时，要注意具体情况具体分析；作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词that/which; 作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词which”，表示在某种特定的情形下。7考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。如：The news that he had passed the exam pleased him

5、 and his family.(同位语从句)The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. (定语从句)It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)知识点一、定语从句与并列句的区别请观察下面三个句子：1Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, _ disappointed his mother.2Wang Hong failed

6、in the College Entrance Examination and _ disappointed his mother.3Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; _ disappointed his mother.第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which；第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。第三句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可

7、以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。【解题技巧】判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。知识点二、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。1He was educated at a local grammar school, _ which he went on to Cambridge.2This is the far

8、m _ which he worked two years ago.3In the dark street there was not a single person _ whom she could turn for help.第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以

9、求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：1句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。【特别提醒】注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用in which, that或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略)。比较：The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple

10、.(把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)知识点三、引导词as, which的区别1引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。He went abroad, which was

11、unexpected.他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be.她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.2限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。He is such a good teacher as we all love and res

12、pect.他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。This is the same pen as I lost.这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。3as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)4as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。He was abs

13、ent from school, as is often the case.他缺课了，这是常事。知识点四、分隔定语从句一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词，可是有的时候，先行词与定语从句之间插入了另外一些内容，这样就把先行词与定语从句分隔开了，这类定语从句叫分隔定语从句。这类句子应特别注意：不要误把插入部分当先行词。I was the only person in my office who was invited.(先行词是person而不是office)知识点五、关系代词和关系副词的区别当先行词为表示时间、地点的词时，引导词用关系代词还是关系副词是定语从句学习中的一个难点。要确定引导词在从句中所

14、作的成分(如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用why, when或where，否则用that或which)，考生可以采用“补全法”，即依据句意把从句补充完整(补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分)，这样就可以很容易地判断出引导词在从句中所作的成分。1Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago?分析：把从句补充完整为“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作宾语，因此填关系代词that/which。2I

15、n an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.分析：把从句补充完整为“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作主语，因此填关系代词that/which。3Some preschool children go to a day care center, _ they learn simple games and songs.分析：把从句补充完整为“in (at) the d

16、ay care center they learn simple games and songs”，据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此用where/in(at) which。【解题技巧】遇到时间和地点，判断成分是关键；主语、宾语用关代，状语才能用关副。(关代：关系代词；关副：关系副词)在考查定语从句时，有时命题人故意在空格处设置一些插入语等干扰信息迷惑考生。解题时，考生可以将其忽略，从而排除干扰。Is that the small town you often refer to?Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for yea

17、rs.分析：空白处应填where。此题很容易受you know的影响而误填关系代词。其实you know是插入语，解题时可以将其忽略，简化句子结构：just the one _ I used to work for years，这样考生就很容易判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。【特别探究】表示时间、地点的先行词的模糊化。研究高考试题后，考生会发现近几年高考试题中表示时间、地点的先行词有些已经不是一个明显的表示时间、地点的词语，如：period, ten years ago, the street, the museum，而是已经模糊化的词语，如：activity, bus

18、iness, occasion, point, case等。解题时考生要弄清这些词汇在句中的意义，并结合其在从句中所作的成分选用恰当的引导词。【特别提醒】point, situation, case后的定语从句的引导词并非总是由where来引导，只有当引导词在从句中作状语时，才用关系副词where，否则用关系代词。知识点六、定语从句用法的其他要点(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略(二)定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。1one of复数名词关系代词复数形式动词。如：T

19、he Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。2the only one of复数名词关系代词单数形式动词。如：The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has b

20、een produced in Hollywood.在这些精彩的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。3当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。He has passed the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy.他通过了高考，这让他父母很高兴。4其他情况。

21、如：I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.我作为你的老师，会尽全力帮助你的。(三)注意way和time后接的定语从句的情况1当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”)时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如：What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.最让我吃惊的不是他的话，而是他说话的方式。注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：The way he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。T

22、he way he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。2先行词是time时， 若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/duringwhich引导定语从句。如：This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家。This was at a time when/dur

23、ing which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.曾经有一个时期，没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视。高频考点一、考查关系代词引导的定语从句例1 (2018北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work, _ helps them keep fit.Awhich BwhoCas Dthat【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。句意：她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。根据句子结构可知，此处用which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的事。【举一反三】(2018天津卷)Kate, _ siste

24、r I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.Awhom BthatCwhose Dher【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：凯特到澳大利亚去工作了。读大学的时候我和她的姐姐住一个寝室。从句子结构看，本空需要关系词引导定语从句，先行词为Kate，且关系代词在从句中作定语，因此用关系代词whose引导这个定语从句。【变式探究】(2017江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_purposes is to re

25、lieve worldwide starvation.Awhich BitsCwhose Dwhom【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。purposes与the World Food Programme存在“所属”关系，此处指“世界粮食计划署的目的之一”，且空处在句中作定语，因此选择whose。【变式探究】I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.Awhose BwhyCwhere Dwhich【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我住在一对夫妻的隔壁，他们的孩子总是很吵闹。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语

26、从句修饰a couple，且关系词在从句中作定语，故用关系代词whose。高频考点二、考查关系副词引导的定语从句例2. (2019江苏卷)We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true. Awhich BwhatCwhen Dthat【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为an age，空处在定语从句中充当时间状语，故用关系副词when。【举一反三】(2019江苏卷)We have entered into an

27、age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true. Awhich BwhatCwhen Dthat【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为an age，空处在定语从句中充当时间状语，故用关系副词when。【变式探究】(2018江苏卷)Selfdriving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.Athat BwhereCwhich Dwhen【答案】B【

28、解析】考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是area，关系词在从句中充当地点状语，因此用where，相当于in which。【变式探究】(2018江苏卷)Selfdriving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.Athat BwhereCwhich Dwhen【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是area，关系词在从句中充当地点状语，因此用where，相当于in which。【举一反三】The old couple will never forget the

29、 days _ they made a living by picking up rubbish on the street.Awhere BwhenCwhich Das【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这对老夫妻永远不会忘记他们靠沿街捡拾垃圾谋生的日子。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词days，且引导词在从句中作状语，故用关系副词when。高频考点三、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句例3Many young people, most _ were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.A

30、of which Bof themCof whom Dof those【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是young people, most表示他们中的大多数，因此应该使用most of whom。因为先行词指人，不能选择of which。【举一反三】He wrote many childrens books，nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.Awhom BwhichCthem Dthat【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句引导词的选择。句意：他写过很多儿童书籍，将近一半都是在20世纪90年代出版的。此题的先行词是childre

31、ns books，指物，因此不能选whom；that引导定语从句可以指物，但是不能在介词后作宾语；假如选them，应该在nearly前加适当的连词。因此只能选择which。此处是“代词ofwhich”引导的非限制性定语从句。【变式探究】Creating an atmosphere _ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.Aas BwhoseCin which Dat which【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句引导词的选择。句意：创造让雇员感受到自己是团队一部分的氛围是一个巨大的挑战。分析句子结构可知，_employees feel p