高中英语语法讲稿十六讲 新课标 人教版doc.docx

1、高中英语语法讲稿十六讲 新课标 人教版doc第一讲 现在完成时和现在完成进行时Summary: 英语的动词时态有四种：一般时态、进行时态、完成时态和完成进行时态。现在完成时的构成公式为：have/has+过去分词；现在完成进行时的构成公式为：have/has been +现在分词。现在完成时的基本例句:1) We have lived here since1995.2) I have been to Japan twice.3) Joan has just finished her homework其中，(2)(3)描述的是过去发生而与现在情况有关的事物或状态，（1）描述的是从过去某时到现在为

2、止这一段时间中发生的情况。 总之，现在完成时表现的是从过去到现在的事情。一、 现在完成时的形式 A现在完成时的肯定句句型：主语（I、we、you第三人称复数）+have+过去分词 主语（第三人称单数）+has+过去分词例：1）I have been busy all the day.2) My father has read todays paper.3) I have just written the letter.B现在完成时的否定句句型：主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词例：1）The concert hasnt/has not started yet.2)They h

3、avent gotten to London yet.C现在完成时的一般疑问句例：1）Has the concert started?2) Have you friend your homework?D现在完成时的特殊疑问句，分两种情况a. 疑问句词作主语时句型：疑问句（主语）+have/has+过去分词+？例：1）Who has/have bought these apples? 2)Who has made her so sad?B疑问词作主语以外的成分时句型：疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+？例：1)How long have you live here?2)How many

4、times have you been to Spain?二、现在完成时的用法1、概述形式 have/has过去分词用法意义继续表示从过去继续到现在的动作或状态经验表示过去某一是可到现在的经验完成表示现在刚完成的动作成果表示现在是“做了”的结果例：1）继续 He has been sick since last week.2) 经验 I have visited Tokyo twice. Have you ever been to Hawaii?3) 完成 I have just finished my homework. Has he finished his work yet?4) 结果

5、My father has become a lawyer. I have lost my dictionary.下面分别阐述其用法2、表示继续的现在完成时例：1）肯定句：Li Mings elder brother has studied in Beijing university for about three years. 2)否定句：We havent seen each other all this month. 3)疑问句：How long have you know your boy friend?A基本用法表示继续意义的现在完成时，说明过去的动作一直延续到现在，也就是说从过去某

6、时开始的动作、状态一直持续到现在。此时，往往用和现在有关的表示一段时间的时间状语。例：1）I began to study English three years ago.(过去试) 2）I still study English now.(现在式) 3）I have studied English since three years ago.现在完成时Have+过去分词过去某时 阿图示： 现在时 牢记：表继续的动词have known 已经认识了 have studied 已经学习了have worked ； have been to； have used ；have taught ；hav

7、e stayed;have wanted to; have lived B常用的时间状语表示继续的现在完成时，常和下列时间状语连用for+时间 since+过去某时 all this week often today recently all dayup to now 直到现在 so far 到目前为止lately always till/until now in the past yearsthese daysthis weekduring the past （years、month）3、表示经验的现在完成时例：1）肯定句：I have seen the film three times.2

8、) 否定句：Ive never seen the film.3)疑问句：Have you ever been to U.K.?A基本用法表示经验的现在完成时，说明从过去起到现在的经验，即从过去到现在之间曾经经历过或做过的事情。B常用的时间状语 Often, ever, before, never, once, twice, times, many timesC have/has been的用法形式意义用法Have/has been to 表示“曾经去过”经验表示“到 去过了”完成Have/has been in表示“曾在”经验表示“一直在”继续例：a. have been toI have b

9、een to the summer palace twice.(经验)I have been to the museum to see the exhibition.(完成) b. have been inHave you ever been in America?(经验)We have been in home for the whole day.(继续)插曲：be 动词的过去分词Be动词的过去分词不管主语的人称和数都要用been表示例：We have been tired these days区别：I am happy.（一般现在时） I was happy.（一般过去时） I have

10、been happy.（现在完成时）4表示完成，结果的现在完成时例：1）My father has just gone out.(结果) 2）I have closed the window.(完成) 3）Mr.Li has gone to Australia.(结果)A表示完成的用法Ive just finished my homework.They have gone to GuiLin.B表示结果的用法例1、(1)I opened the door. (2)The door is open now. (3)I have opened the door.例2、（1）John bought

11、a dictionary. (2)Now John has a new dictionary. (3)John has bought a new dictionary.牢记：表结果的现在完成时常见动词。make become go come lose grow sell buy fallC常见的时间状语（副词）already just yet句末 句中三、现在完成时的注意事项1、just now和just的区别 just now用在一般过去时just用在现在完成时例：1）We had an English lesson just now.2) We have just had an Engli

12、sh lesson.2、today等时间状语的运用运用today，this morning，this afternoon等时间状语时，时态要根据说话的具体情况而定。例：1）He didnt do his homework this afternoon.他今天下午没有做功课。 He hasnt done his homework this afternoon.他今天下午还没有做功课呢。 2）He arrived here a little late today,because he got up late and didnt catch the bus. 3)He has been very b

13、usy today.（截至到说话时，仍是在今天，他们很忙）3、几种时态表示同一意思例：1)He left china two years ago. 2)It is two years since he left china. 3)He has away from china for 2 years.四、现在完成进行时区别：现在完成时侧重于动作的结速或完成；而现在完成进行时侧重于动作的未结束和继续进行。例：1）I have opened the can. 2) I have been writing the letter since then.1、现在完成进行时的形式：1）主动语态：主语+hav

14、e/has+现在分词（doing）2）被动语态：主语+have/has been+过去分词(done)例：Have you been waiting for him all the day?2、用法a.在强调动作还未结束，还要继续下去时，不能用现在完成时，而要用现在完成进行时。例：Ive been writing the composition for two hours,but I havent finished it yet.b. 动作不包含持续意思的动词，要用现在完成进行时，表示延续到现在的动作。例：The artist has been painting the painting.c.

15、 现在完成进行时也用来表示一种在现在以前这个阶段反复发生的事。例：He has promsing me to help you.Hasnt he done it?d. 有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。1）表状态的动词 be， have，exist2）表感情的动词 like，love，hate，detest3）表示感觉的动词 see，hear，know，feel，sound例：1）He has had a cold for a week.2)I have heard the news since last week.3、常用的时间状语：（与表继续的现在完成时相同）for+时间

16、；since; these years; recently; all the time; how long例：1）They have been talking all the night.2) How long has it been raining?第3讲 情态动词一.情 态 动 词 的 定 义情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？ Shall we begin

17、 now? 我们现在就开始吗？ You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。 情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) . 二.情 态 动 词 的 位 置情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前，谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前，疑问句中， 情态动词放在主语之前。 I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你，过来吧。 He must have been away.

18、 他一定走了。 What can I do for you? 你要什么？ How dare you treat us like that! 你怎么敢那样对待我们! 三.情 态 动 词 的 特 点情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式可以用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。 He could be here soon. 他很快就来。 We cant carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 Im sorry I cant help you. 对不

19、起，我帮不上你。 四. 情态动词的语法特征：1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词等形式。五.情 态 动 词 的 用 法1. can (could) 表示说话人能, 可以, 同意, 准许, 以及客观条件许可, could 为 can 的过去式。 Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗 ? Could you help me, pleas

20、e? 请问, 你能帮助我吗? What can you do? 你能干点什么呢? Can you be sure? 你有把握吗? can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态，将来时态用be able to 来表示。 He could help us at all. 他完全可以帮助我们。 With the teachers help, I shall be able to speak English correctly. 有老师的帮助, 我将能准确地讲英语。 2. may (might) “可以”，表示说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。 You may take the book hom

21、e. 你可以把书带回家去。 May I come in? 我可以进来吗? May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗? You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿点衣服。 He said he might lend us some money. 他说他可以借给我们一些钱。 may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 maynt。might 是may 的过去式，有两种用法，一种表示过去式，一种表示虚拟语气，使语气更加委婉、 客气或对可能性的怀疑。 He told me he might be here on time. 他说他能按时间来

22、。 Might I borrow some money now? 我可以借点钱吗? He might be alive. 他可能还活着。3. must “必须；应该；一定；准是”，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时， 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。 I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。 You mustnt work all the time. 你不能老是工作。 Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天还书吗? After such

23、 a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路, 你一定累了。 He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。 He had to go because of somebodys calling him that day. 那天他要走，因为有人叫他。值得注意的是：（1）must + have + 过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。 He must have told my parents about it. 他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。 He must have received my letter now

24、. 他现在一定收到我的信了。 Its six oclock already, we must have been late again. 已经六点钟了，我们一定又迟到了。（2）must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to “不得不,必须”，表示客观需要、客观条件只能如此。 You must do it now. 你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干) I have to go now. 我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走) You must be here on time next time. 你下次一定要按时来。 I have to cook for

25、 my child. 我得给孩子做饭。 4. need “需要”，多用在否定式或疑问句中. Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 我需要明天参加会议吗? You need not hand in the paper this week. 这一周你不必交论文。 need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但 need 还可当作实义动词使用，这时 need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数， 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。 I need a bike to go to school. 我上学需要一辆自行车。 Do you need a dicti

26、onary? 你需要词典吗? She needs a necklace. 她需要一条项链。 注意：“neednt + have + 过去分词” 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。 You neednt have taken it seriously. 这件事情你不必太认真。 5. dare “敢”，多用在否定或疑问句中。 The little girl dare not speak in public. 小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。 Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗? dare 除用作情态动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用， 用法同实义动词一样，要考虑人称，单复数

27、，时态等。 Do you dare to walk in the dark? 你敢黑夜走路吗？ He doesnt dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。6. ought “应当；应该”，后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。 You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar. 如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书。 You ought to bring the child here. 你应该把孩子带来。

28、ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。 You ought to have been here yesterday. 你昨天就应该来。 ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。 You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room. 你不应该把书带出阅览室。7. will (would) 表决心、愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式, 可用于各人称。 1）will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。e.g. a.

29、He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. b.He would come to see me when he was in Beijing. 2）表示意志，决心或愿望。 e.g. a. Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace. b. He would not let me try it . 3）表示对对方的请求，用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，would的语气比will委碗,疑问句中一般用som

30、e, 而不是any。e.g. a. would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station?b. Would you like some cake?4）would like = want to 想要 Would like to do = want to 想要 e. g. a Would you like to go with me? 8. shall, should 表示命令, 警告, 允诺, 征求, 劝告, 建议, 惊奇。 shall的用法用于第一,第三人称征求对方的意愿e.g. a. What shall I wear on the journey? b. When shall he be able to leave the hospital? should 的用法1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和e.g. a. What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办？2)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。e.g. a. We should (must) master a foreign language at least. 3).should 表示劝告，建议，命令，此时也可用ought to. 在疑问句中，通常用should代