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第五讲名词性从句状语从句强调句倒装句主谓一致.docx

1、第五讲名词性从句状语从句强调句倒装句主谓一致名词性从句讲解在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题 2. 考查引导词that与what的区别3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 4. 考查whether与if的区别5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题语

2、法要点剖析一、名词性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词:when, where, how, why1. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,whe

3、n,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从

4、句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no won

5、der, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that2. 宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉

6、我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The co

7、mmander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She

8、 will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有

9、没有生命是个有趣的问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。例如: he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)he has studied English since 1998.

10、 (从句用现在完成时)当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he

11、 will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。3. 表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句

12、要用that引导而不是because。例如:The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning 4. 同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:The news th

13、at we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别: that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea th

14、at you were here(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)状语从句1. 时间状语从句(1) when引导的时间状语从句.when引导的时间状语从句,其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词,也可以是瞬间性动作的动词,可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.当

15、你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。(同时)when the students heard the teachers footsteps, they all adopted talking.当学生们听到老师的脚步声时,他们都停止了讲话。(从句动作发生在前) when还可表示just then(正在那时)的意思,此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。we were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要动身,突然天下起雨来。The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining

16、. 比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。 (2) as引导的时间状语从句as侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生,翻译成一边,一边。We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair. 她梳头时我们在吃早饭。 (3) while引导的时间状语从句while或“在期间”,所引导的从句的动作是延续性的,并表示和主句的动作同时发生。When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes. 当老师用英语解释课文时,学生们聚精

17、会神地听并做着笔记。I can learn while I work. 我可以边工作边学习。 (4) before引导的时间状语从句 before“在之前”Ill be back before you have left. 你离开之前我就会回来。 before“之后才”It may be many years before we meet again. 可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。It was three days before I came back. 他三天后才回来。 (5) as soon as/once/directly/the instant等引导的时间状语从句as soon as

18、 是最常见的表示“一就”的从属连词,其他连词还有immediately,instantly,the instant (that),the minute(that) ,the moment(that)等,它们通常都可与as soon as换用。As soon as we got home, the telephone rang. 我们一到家,电话就响了。I recognized her immediately I saw her. 我一看见她就认出她来了。Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet. 老师一进来,大家就静了下来。 (6) har

19、dly.when/no sooner.than引导的时间状语从句关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely.when和no sooner.than的意思是“刚就”,它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如:He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚一到家,就又要他出另一次差。No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have re

20、mained silent.这些话刚一出口,他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。(7) since引导的时间状语从句在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时: Weve never met since we graduated from the college. 大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走了以后,这里发生了巨大变化。 (8) till/until引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义,作“直到时(为止)”解

21、,till多口语话,until多用于句首。如:Donald will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course. 唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。I wont go with you until(till) I finished my homework. 等我做完作业我才和你一起去。2. 地点状语从句(1) where引导的地点状语从句,很简单,最基础的。从属连词where“在(或到)的地方”Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。Put it where y

22、ou found it. 把它放在原来的地方。 where 在地点状语从句中,除指地点外,还可指处境等。就看句子翻译了。如:He said he was happy where he was. 他说他对自己的处境很满意。Its your fault that she is where she is. 她今天落到这个地步都怪你。(2) wherever引导的地点状语从句wherever=no matter where,后者只能放句首。从属连词wherever“在(或到)的各个地方”:You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days. 这些天你可以

23、去你想去的地方。Where (no matter where) they went, the experts were warmly welcomed.专家每到一处, 都受到热烈的欢迎。Sit down wherever you like. 你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿wherever不可以换成no matter where 3. 原因状语从句(1) because引导的原因状语从句 通常用于回答why引出的疑问句,语气最强,该从句一般位于主句后面。I didnt go abrord with her because I couldnt afford it. 我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。Dont

24、 scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。 (2) as引导的原因状语从句 as引导的原因状语从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和since换用。如:As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman. 我不认识路,因而问警察。As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain. 由于在下雪,我们不去爬山了。 (3) since引导的原因状语从句since引导的原因状语从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和as换用。与as用法一样Sinc

25、e traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane. 既然乘飞机旅行快得多,他们就决定坐飞机。Since you wont help me,Ill ask someone else. 你既然不帮我,那我就请别人帮忙。 (4) now(that)引导的原因状语从句now(that)“既然”, Now(that) you have passed your test you can drive on your own. 你既已考试合格,就可以独自开车了。(5) seeing (that)引导的原因状语从句Seeing (tha

26、t)“鉴于;由于”,通常用于非正式文体。如:Seeing (that) the weather is bad,well stay at home. 天气不好,我们还是呆在家里吧。4. 目的状语从句(1) in order that引导的目的状语从句in order that“为了;以便”。多用于正式文体,通常可以与so that换用。如:You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.他们在杭州停了下来,以便游览西湖。The expert spoke slowly in order that everyo

27、ne should understand.专家讲得很慢,以便人人听得懂。(2) so (that)引导的目的状语从句so that“为了;以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用,它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后,在非正式文体中,常省略that。如:Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 你要讲得清楚,他们才听得懂。She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.她要七点钟备好茶点,这样她八点以前就可以出门了。(3) in case/for f

28、ear (that)等引导的目的状语从句in case,for fear(that)这俩个从属连词都表示否定目的,意思是“以免”,“以防”。in case它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式,也可以是虚拟语气形式;for fear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may,might,should等情态动词Take your umbrella in case it rains. 带上你的伞,以防下雨。 He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain. 他带了一把伞,以防下雨。 1. 结果状语从句(1) so that引导的

29、结果状语从句 so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后,so that”引导什么从句根据句意来判断Suddenly it began to rain heavily,so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.突然下起了大雨,几乎无法继续开车。Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound.琳达到达后给我打了电话,因而我知道她平安无事。 (2) so.that引导的结果状语从句so.that“如此以致”,that可以省略,so后面接形容词

30、或副词。如:She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter.现在剩下的时间不多了,我只好以后再给你讲这件事。(3) such.that引导的结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的such.that的具体内容是:such+a/an+形容词+名词+that从句。such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that=so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。

31、The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed(The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.) 教授讲了个很有趣的故事,(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。2. 条件状语从句(1) if引导的条件状语从句If引导条件状语从句。翻译成“如果”If I were a bird ,I would fly. 如果他说了那样的话,他不可能是说实话。(2) unless引导的条件状语从句unless引导的是否定条件状语从句,在意义上相当于if.not,而且语气较强,一般不用于虚拟语气。如:Youll be late unless you hurry. 你会迟到的,如果不赶快的话。 (3) if only引导的条件状语从句if only在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要;如果”。如:Ill let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition. 只要你把车保养好,我就让你用。 (4) as/so

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