初中语法知识.docx

1、初中语法知识初中语法项目表(加“”号的项目只要求理解) 1.词类：1)名词2)形容词3)副词4)动词5)代词6)冠词7)数词8)介词9)连词10)感叹词 2.构词法： 1)合成法classroom,something,reading-room 2)派生法worker,drawing,quickly,careful,kindness, cloudy,unhappy 3)转化法hand(n.)hand(v.) dry(adj.)dry(v.) 3.名词 1)可数名词和不可数名词 2)名词的复数 3)专有名词 4)所有格 4.代词 1)人称代词的主格和宾格形式 2)物主代词的形容词与名词性形式 3)

2、反身代词myself,himself,ourselves,etc. 4)指示代词this,that,these,those 5)不定代词some,any,no,etc. 6)疑问代词what,who,whose,which,etc. 5.数词基数词和序数词 6.介词词汇表中所列介词的基本用法 7.连词词汇表中所列连词的基本用法 8.形容词 1)作定语、表语、宾语补足语的基本用法 2)比较等级(原级、比较级、最高级)的基本用法 (1)构成-er,-est;more,themost (2)基本句型 as原级形式as. notas(so)原级形式as. 比较级形式than. the最高级形式.in(

3、of). 9.副词 1)表示时间、地点、方式、程度等的基本用法 2)疑问副词when,where,how 3)比较等级(原级、比较级、最高级) (1)构成-er,-est;more,themost (2)基本句型 as原级形式as. notas(so)原级形式as. 比较级形式than. the最高级形式.in(of). 10.冠词一般用法 11.动词 1)动词种类 (1)行为动词或实义动词 1及物动词 2不及物动词 (2)连系动词be,look,turn,get,become,etc. (3)助动词be,do,have,shall,will,etc. (4)情态动词can,may,must,

4、need,etc. 2)时态 (1)一般现在时 Igetupatsixoclockeverymorning. HedoesntspeakRussian. Theyareverybusy. Themoonmovesroundtheearth. Whenyouseehim,tellhimtocometomyplace. IllgotoseeyoutonightifImfree. (2)一般过去时 IwasinGradeOnelastyear. Igotupatfiveyesterday. (3)一般将来时 1.shall(will)动词原形 Ishall(will)gotoyourschoolto

5、morrowafternoon. Shewillbeheretomorrow. 2.begoingto动词原形 Imgoingtohelphim. (4)现在进行时 Werereadingthetextnow. Theyrewaitingforabus. (5)现在完成时 Ihavealreadypostedtheletter. Theyhavelivedherefortenyears. (6)过去进行时 Wewerehavingameetingthistimeyesterday. TheteacherwastalkingtosomeparentswhenIsawher. (7)过去完成时 W

6、ehadlearnedfourEnglishsongsbytheendoflastyear. ThefilmhadalreadybegunwhenIgottothecinema. ShesaidthatshehadnotheardfromhimsinceheleftBeijing. (8)过去将来时 Hesaidhewouldgotothecinemathatevening. BettysaidshewasgoingtovisitherunclenextSunday. 3)被动语态 (1)一般现在时的被动语态 Englishistaughtinthatschool. (2)一般过去时的被动语态

7、 Thesongwaswrittenbythatworker. (3)一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态 Shemustbesenttohospitalatonce. 4)动词不定式 (1)作主语 Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy. Itisnoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage. (2)作宾语 Theybegantoread. (3)作宾语补足语 Jimaskedmetohelphimwithhislessons. Weoftenheardhersing. (4)作定语 Ihaveanimportantmeetingtoattend. (5)

8、作状语 Shewenttoseehergrandmayesterday. (6)用在how,when,where,what,which等之后 Idontknowhowtouseacomputer. Doyouknowwhentostart? Hedidntknowwhattodonext. 12.句子种类 1)陈述句(肯定式和否定式) 2)疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句) 3)祈使句(肯定式和否定式) 4)感叹句 13.句子成份 1)主语 Bettylikeshernewbike. Hegetsupearlyeveryday. Tolearnaforeignlangua

9、geisnoteasy. 2)谓语 Weworkhard. Theboycaughtabird. Heismybrother. Theyalllookfine. 3)表语 Hersisterisanurse. Itsme. Imready. Hegotangry. Wewereathomelastnight. Hiscupisbroken. 4)宾语 Tomboughtastory-book. Isawhimyesterday. Hewantedtohaveacupoftea. 5)直接宾语和间接宾语 Hegavemesomeink. Ourteachertoldusaninteresting

10、story. 6)宾语补足语 CallherXiaoLi. Youmustkeeptheroomclean. Johnaskedmetohelphim. 7)定语 Thisisagreenjeep. Thisisanappletree. Arethesestudentsyourclassmates? Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear. Ihavesomethingtotellyou. 8)状语 Youarequiteright. ShewillarriveinBeijingonMonday. Hestoppedtohavealook. 14.简单句的五种基本句

11、型 第一种主语连系动词表语(SVP) Thebikeisnew. Themapisonthewall. 第二种主语不及物动词(SV) Heswims. 第三种主语及物动词宾语(SVO) Childrenoftensingthissong. 第四种主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语(SVIODO) Sheshowedherfriendsallherpictures. 第五种主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语(SVOC) Wekeepourclassroomcleanandtidy. 15.并列句 Helikesmaths,butheneedshelp. Ihelphimandhehelpsme. 16.复合句

12、 1)宾语从句 Hesaid(that)hefeltsick. Idontknowwhether(if)shestillworksinthefactory. ItakebackwhatIsaid. Icanttellwhoisthere. CanyoutellmewheretheSummerPalaceis? 2)状语从句 ThetrainhadleftwhenIgottothestation. IllgowithyoutothecinemathisafternoonifImfree. Thestudentswenttothefarmbecausethefarmersneededsomehel

13、p. Theearthisbiggerthanthemoon. Hewassotiredthathecouldntwalkon. Jackworkedhardsothathemightgetagoodjob. DoctorWangwenttothehospitalthoughitrainedheavily. 3)定语从句 Findthegirlwhoiswearingaredskirt. Showmethepicturethatyoulikebest. Colourthebirdswhich(that)areflying.名词(1)不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆：manmen, woman

14、women, childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth(2)单数、复数同形的名词：fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese(3) 常用复数形的名词：trousers, shoes, glasses(4) 只有复数形的名词：thanks, clothes(5) 单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词：people, police(6) 有生命的名词所有格形式：单数名词加s，复数名词加s，不是以s结尾的复数名词加s，如： childrensroom(7) 无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达：如： the capital of China(8) 表

15、示并列名词各自所有，在各名词词尾加s：如： Toms and Marys bikes (两人各自的自行车)(9) 表示并列名词共同所有，则在后一个名词的词尾加s：如： Tom and Marys mother (即Tom与Mary是兄妹)(10) 关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格：如： ten minutes walk, ten miles journey， a boats length， two pounds weight, ten dollars worth(11) 双重所有格：a friend of my fathers 形容词与副词(1) 原级，比较级，最高级词形变化： 单元音

16、单辅音的单音节词fatfatterfattestthinthinnerthinnesthothotterhottestbigbiggerbiggest 以结尾的双音节词easyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestprettyprettierprettiest 劣级比较形容词副词原级例： She is less beautiful than Mary. 两者之间用比较级，在比较级前加定冠词，三者以上用最高级例： He is the taller of the two.She is the best player of the three. 越越的表达法例： The

17、days are getting hotter and hotter.The more you study, the more you learn. 修饰比较级的词有：much, by far, even, a little, a great deal例： She is much better now.切记不要用比较级来修饰比较级。连词(1)动词与*近的主语一致：这样的连词有： or, eitheror, neithernor， not onlybut also。(2) 的用法： 作或者讲例： You or your friend has to go to the teachers offic

18、e. 作否则讲例： Hurry up, or you will be late for school.(3) 与：例： He has no money and he is poor.He is poor but he is honest.介词(1)表示时间：at: 表示某一时间点如： at noonon: 表示特定的日子如： on Christmasin: 表示一段不具体的时间如： in the morning， in the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如： on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunda

19、y morningduring: 表示期间内的某个时期如: during the night, during the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词如： for three daysthrough: 表示在整个期间没有间歇例： It snowed through the night.till/until: 表示动作持续的终点例：I studied hard till twelve oclock last night.by: 表示动作完成期限例： Ill be back by five oclock.since: 表示某动作的起始点例：I have stud

20、ied English since (2) 表示地点：at: 表示较小的地点如： arrived at the school gatein: 表示较大的地点如： arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地例： Ill leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面，上方，其反意词是belowover: 表示垂直上方，其反意词是under例： The dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿过如： through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越例： I want to walk across the road

21、.初中英语语法动词(1) 动词的时态： 一般现在时一般现在时的主要用法有两点：其一表示一经常发生的动作，如： I always go to school at seven. 其二表示某一真理，事实，如： The earth moves around the sun. 现在完成时现在完成时的主要用法有两点：其一表示某一动作发生于过去，并持续下来，到现在完成。如： I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束，但其影响到现在。如： I havent had my lunch. Im hungry now.与现在完成时连用的词语有：ye

22、t, already, before, since, ever, never等。其考查要点：其一： Have been表示曾经去过，如：I have been to America twice. 说此话的人应已经回到国内。而He has gone to Japan.则此人目前已到日本去了。其二：截止性动词可以有现在完成时，但不可与表示一段长度的词连用，如： The class has begun. The class has been on for five minutes. 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作，过去的习惯或反复发生的动作。如： Who broke the window? In th

23、ose days, I studied hard at night every day. 与过去时连用的时间状语有： at that time, ago, in ，just now (刚才)， last night, yesterday 一般将来时初中英语语法纯将来时的表示法： shall/will动词原形例： Ill leave for Shanghai this evening.表示按计划要做或可能做的事： be going to动词原形例： Im going to help you tonight.将来时的特殊表示法. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/a

24、rriving例： Dont worry. Im coming. be about to动词原形例： He is about to leave, when the telephone rings. 状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例： If it rains tomorrow I wont go to the party.(2) 情态动词： 能，会例： He can do it very well.：许可，可能性例： May I use your pen?：必要，禁止(多表示主观看法)例： You mustnt play with fire.：不得不(多表示客观之事)例： I have to g

25、o, because I have a meeting.与：二者用于现在时表示语气的委婉例： Could you help me?句型(1) 宾语从句：由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句例： Could you tell me where the post office is?Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的宾语)由that引出的宾语从句例： They said that they would give me some help. (that 仅作引导词)宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。例： He asked when we would leave home.(2) 状语从句：状语从句可包括：时间地点原因结果目的等状语从句。例：I will come when I am free.Im late because my bike is broken.He went so early that he got a good seat