华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题.docx

1、华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题华中科技大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Cloze (10%)Directions：In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Comedian George Carlin has a routine in which he talks about how humans seem tospend their lives accumulati

2、ng “stuff”. Once theyve gathered enough stub, they have tofind places to store all of it. If Carlin were to update that routine today, he could make thesame 1 about computer innovation. It seems that everyone with a computerspends a lot of time acquiring data and then trying to find a way to 2 it.Fo

3、r some computer owners finding enough storage space to hold all the data theyveacquired is a real challenge. Some people invest in larger hard drives. Others prefer 3 storage devices like thumb drives or compact discs. Desperate computer own-ers might delete entire folders worth of old files in orde

4、r to make space for new information.4 some are choosing to rely on a growing trend: cloud storage.While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather 5 and storm systems, it really refers to saving data 6 an off-site storage sys-tem maintained by a third party. 7 storing information

5、to your computershard drive or other local storage device, you save it to a remote database. The Internetprovides the connection between your computer and the database.On the surface, cloud storage has several advantages 8 traditional datastorage. For example, if you store your data on a cloud stora

6、ge system, youll be able toget to that data from any location that has Internet access. You 9 need tocarry around a 10 storage device or use the same computer to save and11 your information. With the right storage system, you could even allowother people to access the data, turning a personal projec

7、t into a 12 effort.So cloud storage is convenient and offers more 13 ，but how does itwork? There are hundreds of different cloud storage systems. Some have a very specific14 ，such as storing Web e-mail messages or digital pictures. Others are15 to store all forms of digital data. Some cloud storage

8、systems are smalloperations, while others are so large that the physical equipment can fill 16 an entire warehouse. The facilities that 17 cloud storage systems are calleddata centers.At its most basic level, a cloud storage system needs just one data server 18 to the Internet, a client (e. g.，a com

9、puter user subscribing to a cloud stor-age service) sends copies of files over the Internet to the data server, which then recordsthe information. When the client wishes to retrieve the information, he or she accesses thedata server through a Web-based interface. The server then either sends the fil

10、es back tothe client or allows the client to access and manipulate the files on the server itself.Cloud storage systems generally rely on hundreds of data servers. Because comput-ers 19 require maintenance or repair，its important to store the same infor-mation on multiple machines. This is called re

11、dundancy. Without redundancy, a cloudstorage system couldnt 20 clients that they could access their information atany given time. Most systems store the same data on servers that use differs power sup-plies. That way, clients can access their data even if one power supply fails.1. A. examinationB. o

12、bservationC inspectionD. acquaintance2. A. store巳.updateC. processD. accumulate3. A. internalB. portableC. localD. external4. A. ButB. WhileC. AndD. So5. A. forecastB. reportC. frontsD. system6. A. ontoB. toC. inD. upon7. A. Apart fromB. Other thanC. instead ofD. regardless of8. A. thanB. exceptC. f

13、orD. over9. A. shouldnt巳.wouldntC. mustntD. couldnt10. A. physicalB. substantialC. tangibleD. local11. A. storeB. shareC. accessD. retrieve12. A. comprehensive巳.collaborativeC. coordinatedD. combining13. A. opportunityB. chanceC. convenienceD. favor14. A. focusB. purposeC. useD. operation15. A. avai

14、lable巳.capableC. applicableD. desirable16. A. inB. upC. forD. into17. A. holdB. saveC. houseD. run18. A. connectingB. connectedC. connectD. being19. A. probablyB. inconvenientlyC. invariablyD. occasio门aiiy20. A. ensureB. promiseC. assureD. guaranteePart II: Reading comprehension (40%)Directions: The

15、re are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions.You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United State unprece-dented opportunities as well as new and

16、 significant risks. Civil rights activists have long ar-gued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groupshave difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable or-ders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. N

17、ow Congress, in apparentagreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than500, 000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so onforms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone sofar as to set s

18、pecific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts tominority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figure collected in1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from 77 million in 1972to 1.1 billion in 1977. Th

19、e projected total of corporate contract with minority businesses forthe early 1980s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no lately anticipated in thenext decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers forthem too. First, minority firms risk expa

20、nding too fast and overextending themselves finan-cially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they open need tomake substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipmert, and the like in order to per-son work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for

21、 some reason re-duced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporatepurchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formalestimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companysefforts must soon result

22、 in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the busi-ness will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasingapportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Ofcourse, in many instances there are legitimate reas

23、ons for joint ventures； clearly, Whiteand minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone.But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress aboutminorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as

24、fullpiers in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customeropen run the danger of becoming, and remaining dependent. Even in the best of cir-cumstances ,fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficultfor

25、small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaran-teed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle againstcomplacency arising from their current success.21. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present a commonplace idea and its

26、 inaccuracies巳.describe a situation and its potential drawbacksC. propose a temporary solution to a problemD. analyze a frequent source of disagreement22. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage un-der which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to

27、labor is that theyhave .A. been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy巳.been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitorsC. not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporationsD. not been able to advertise in those

28、media that reach large numbers ofpotential customers23. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for sub-contracts result quickly in orders might cause it to .A. experience frustration but not serious financial harmB. face potentially crippling fixed expensesC. have

29、 to record its efforts on forms filed with the governmentD. increase its spending with minority Subcontractors24. The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of itsbusiness with one large corporate customer should .A. avoid competition with larger，more established con

30、cerns by not expanding巳.concentrate on securing even more business from that corporationC. try to expand its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation.D. pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority-ownedconcerns.25. The author would most likely agree

31、with which of the following statements aboutcorporate response to working win minority subcontractors?A. Annoyed by the proliferation of “什ont” organizations, corporations are likely to re-duce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.B. Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority busi-nesses in the 1970s，their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pur-sue many government contacts.C. The significant response of corporations in the