华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题.docx

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华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题

华中科技大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语真题

PartI:

Cloze（10%）

Directions：

Inthispartyouareaskedtochoosethebestwordforeachblankinthepassage.

WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

ComedianGeorgeCarlinhasaroutineinwhichhetalksabouthowhumansseemto

spendtheirlivesaccumulating“stuff”.Oncethey’vegatheredenoughstub,theyhaveto

findplacestostoreallofit.IfCarlinweretoupdatethatroutinetoday,hecouldmakethe

same[1]aboutcomputerinnovation.Itseemsthateveryonewithacomputer

spendsalotoftimeacquiringdataandthentryingtofindawayto[2]it.

Forsomecomputerownersfindingenoughstoragespacetoholdallthedatathey’ve

acquiredisarealchallenge.Somepeopleinvestinlargerharddrives.Othersprefer[3]

storagedeviceslikethumbdrivesorcompactdiscs.Desperatecomputerown-

ersmightdeleteentirefoldersworthofoldfilesinordertomakespacefornewinformation.

[4]somearechoosingtorelyonagrowingtrend:

cloudstorage.

Whilecloudstoragesoundslikeithassomethingtodowithweather[5]

andstormsystems,itreallyreferstosavingdata[6]anoff-sitestoragesys-

temmaintainedbyathirdparty.[7]storinginformationtoyourcomputer’s

harddriveorotherlocalstoragedevice,yousaveittoaremotedatabase.TheInternet

providestheconnectionbetweenyourcomputerandthedatabase.

Onthesurface,cloudstoragehasseveraladvantages[8]traditionaldata

storage.Forexample,ifyoustoreyourdataonacloudstoragesystem,you’llbeableto

gettothatdatafromanylocationthathasInternetaccess.You[9]needto

carryarounda[10]storagedeviceorusethesamecomputertosaveand

[11]yourinformation.Withtherightstoragesystem,youcouldevenallow

otherpeopletoaccessthedata,turningapersonalprojectintoa[12]effort.

Socloudstorageisconvenientandoffersmore[13]，buthowdoesit

work?

Therearehundredsofdifferentcloudstoragesystems.Somehaveaveryspecific

[14]，suchasstoringWebe-mailmessagesordigitalpictures.Othersare

[15]tostoreallformsofdigitaldata.Somecloudstoragesystemsaresmall

operations,whileothersaresolargethatthephysicalequipmentcanfill[16]

anentirewarehouse.Thefacilitiesthat[17]cloudstoragesystemsarecalled

datacenters.

Atitsmostbasiclevel,acloudstoragesystemneedsjustonedataserver[18]

totheInternet,aclient（e.g.，acomputerusersubscribingtoacloudstor-

ageservice）sendscopiesoffilesovertheInternettothedataserver,whichthenrecords

theinformation.Whentheclientwishestoretrievetheinformation,heorsheaccessesthe

dataserverthroughaWeb-basedinterface.Theservertheneithersendsthefilesbackto

theclientorallowstheclienttoaccessandmanipulatethefilesontheserveritself.

Cloudstoragesystemsgenerallyrelyonhundredsofdataservers.Becausecomput-

ers[19]requiremaintenanceorrepair，it’simportanttostorethesameinfor-

mationonmultiplemachines.Thisiscalledredundancy.Withoutredundancy,acloud

storagesystemcouldn’t[20]clientsthattheycouldaccesstheirinformationat

anygiventime.Mostsystemsstorethesamedataonserversthatusedifferspowersup-

plies.Thatway,clientscanaccesstheirdataevenifonepowersupplyfails.

1.A.examination

B.observation

Cinspection

D.acquaintance

2.A.store

巳.update

C.process

D.accumulate

3.A.internal

B.portable

C.local

D.external

4.A.But

B.While

C.And

D.So

5.A.forecast

B.report

C.fronts

D.system

6.A.onto

B.to

C.in

D.upon

7.A.Apartfrom

B.Otherthan

C.insteadof

D.regardlessof

8.A.than

B.except

C.for

D.over

9.A.shouldn’t

巳.wouldn’t

C.mustn’t

D.couldn’t

10.A.physical

B.substantial

C.tangible

D.local

11.A.store

B.share

C.access

D.retrieve

12.A.comprehensive

巳.collaborative

C.coordinated

D.combining

13.A.opportunity

B.chance

C.convenience

D.favor

14.A.focus

B.purpose

C.use

D.operation

15.A.available

巳.capable

C.applicable

D.desirable

16.A.in

B.up

C.for

D.into

17.A.hold

B.save

C.house

D.run

18.A.connecting

B.connected

C.connect

D.being

19.A.probably

B.inconveniently

C.invariably

D.occasio门aiiy

20.A.ensure

B.promise

C.assure

D.guarantee

PartII:

Readingcomprehension（40%）

Directions:

Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Aftereachpassage,therearefivequestions.

Youaretochoosethebestanswerforeachquestion.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

Passage1

Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStateunprece-

dentedopportunitiesaswellasnewandsignificantrisks.Civilrightsactivistshavelongar-

guedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroups

havedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableor-

dersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparent

agreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan

500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoon

formsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegoneso

farastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractsto

minorityenterprises.

Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurecollectedin

1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom77millionin1972

to1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractwithminoritybusinessesfor

theearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnolatelyanticipatedinthe

nextdecade.

Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersfor

themtoo.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinan-

cially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyopenneedto

makesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipmert,andthelikeinordertoper-

sonworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonre-

duced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporate

purchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformal

estimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany’s

effortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusi-

nesswillsuffer.

AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasing

apportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Of

course,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures；clearly,White

andminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.

ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressabout

minoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfull

piersinlegitimatejointventures.

Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomer

openrunthedangerofbecoming,and—remaining—dependent.Eveninthebestofcir-

cumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficult

forsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:

whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaran-

teedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainst

complacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.

21.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto.

A.presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies

巳.describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks

C.proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem

D.analyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement

22.Accordingtothepassage,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageun-

derwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhatthey

have.

A.beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentalmismanagementoftheeconomy

巳.beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitors

C.nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporations

D.notbeenabletoadvertiseinthosemediathatreachlargenumbersof

potentialcustomers

23.Thepassagesuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsub-

contractsresultquicklyinordersmightcauseitto.

A.experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm

B.facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses

C.havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment

D.increaseitsspendingwithminoritySubcontractors

24.Theauthorimpliesthataminority-ownedconcernthatdoesthegreaterpartofits

businesswithonelargecorporatecustomershould.

A.avoidcompetitionwithlarger，moreestablishedconcernsbynotexpanding

巳.concentrateonsecuringevenmorebusinessfromthatcorporation

C.trytoexpanditscustomerbasetoavoidbecomingdependentonthecorporation.

D.passonsomeoftheworktobedoneforthecorporationtootherminority-owned

concerns.

25.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsabout

corporateresponsetoworkingwinminoritysubcontractors?

A.Annoyedbytheproliferationof“什ont”organizations,corporationsarelikelytore-

ducetheireffortstoworkwithminority-ownedsubcontractorsinthenearfuture.

B.Althoughcorporationsshowedconsiderableinterestinworkingwithminoritybusi-

nessesinthe1970’s，theiraversiontogovernmentpaperworkmadethemreluctanttopur-

suemanygovernmentcontacts.

C.Thesignificantresponseofcorporationsinthe