第十讲 五种简单句复合句.docx

1、第十讲 五种简单句 复合句第十讲 五种简单句 复合句一、句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型：（一）基本句型的词序： 主谓句型：SVi。主系表句型：SVlinkP主谓宾句型：SVt.O主谓双宾句型：SVtO间宾O直宾主谓宾补句型：SVtOC例句：Jim is working very hard now.（他现在正非常努力地工作。）She is young. （她年轻。）It looks like rain. （天看上去要下雨。）The boy always kicked the dog with his f

2、eet. （这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。）He has never bought me a toy since last year. （从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。）He felt something (cold) .（他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。）（二）并列复合句。并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。常见的并列句：用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and , not onlybut also, neithernor等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一

3、致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。表示在两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有or,otherwise,or else,eitheror等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。(3)表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用的连接词有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句时态一致。说明原因, 用连接词for ,前后分句时态一致。表示结果,用连接词so, 前后分句时态一致。（三）主从复合句。主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关

4、联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。分类：从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：(1) 宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。基本形式：（主句）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+. 关于宾语从句连词的选择：若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether;若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等) 宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；如主句是过去时

5、,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。 （三） 状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go ou

6、t to play with Sam.地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from!原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him.目的状语从句通常由so that., so.hat., in order that. 等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。如：He got up earli

7、er so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)结果状语从句通常由 so that., so.that. 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. 比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so).as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even th

8、ough), however, whatever等引导。条件状语从句通常由if, unless, as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。（四）定语从句。在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、whi

9、ch、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。关系代词或关系副词的作用。（）关系代词who、whom 和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in.（）关系副词when或where引导定语从

10、句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. I can never forget the day when I first saw you. 二、选择正确的连词1I dont like reading watching TV. What about you? “I dont like reading all day, I like watching TV plays.”Aand, but Band, and Cor, andDor, but2You wont know the val

11、ue(价值) of the healthyou lose it.Auntil Bafter CwhenDBecause3We bought Granny a present, she didnt like it.Abut Band Cor DSo4Study hard, you will pass the exam.Aso Bfor Cbut Dand5Put on more clothes, youll catch cold.Aand Bfor Cor Dbut三、基本型1. He wont come. I think. (变为复合句)I _ think he _ come.2. Miss

12、Gao: Lucy, do you come from the USA? (改为含有宾语从句的句子)A.Miss Gao asked Lucy that she came from the USA.B.Miss Gao asked Lucy do you come from the USA. C.Miss Gao asked Lucy if she came from the USA.3“Do you wash your clothes yourself?” Tom asked the girl next to him.Tom asked the girl next to him _ _ _

13、her clothes herself.4Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. Li Lei wants to know _ Peter _ here yesterday.5. Is the earth round? The little boy asked. The little boy asked _ the earth _ round.四、提高型1.I dont know _he will come tomorrow. _he comes, Ill tell you.A. if; Whether B. whether;

14、Whether C. if; That D. if; if 2. Could you tell me _ the radio without any help? A. how did he mend B. what did he mendC. how he mended D. what he mended3. Could you tell me _ do with the money? A. how to B. what should I C. how I should D. what I should4. Can you tell me how many English words _ si

15、nce 1996? A. have you learned B. did you learn C. you have learned D. you learned5. Miss Li wants to know _ next week. A. when my uncle leaves B. when will my uncleC. where my uncle will stay D. where does my uncle stay第十一讲 句子的种类一、陈述句：用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。（一）陈述句的肯定式：He is a middle school st

16、udent. （二）陈述句的否定式：1谓语动词如果是to be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。2谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(dont).如：句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、notat all等；All of them went there.None of them went ther句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如：Few p

17、eople live there because life there is very hard.二、疑问句（一）一般疑问句： 用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。1一般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词是to be、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前;谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did, 原来的谓语动词改为原形。2一般疑问句的回答：一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。（二）特殊疑问句：要求具体回答的问句。1反意疑问句： 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。（1）构成：由

18、两部分组成：如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构；反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致；反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。如：He is old, isnt he? (他老了不是吗？) / The man went away, didnt he? (那个男人走开了不是吗？) / He isnt old, is he? (他不老是吗？) / He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗？)（2）反意问句的回答：无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循：“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”如：

19、The man went away, didnt he?(那人走开了,不是吗？)Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didnt.(不,他没有走。)The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗？)Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didnt.(是呀,他不去。)2选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。构成： 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项？ 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+or+ 第三选项？（1）选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可

20、以用yes / no回答。如：Is your friend a boy or a girl? A girl.Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? -Dancing, of course.三、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。（一）祈使句的肯定式：如：Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！) （二）祈使句的否定式：如：Please dont talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) 注意 以“lets”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“no

21、t”应放在“lets”后面。：Lets not trouble him. 四、感叹句：感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！”（一）对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是：What+(a/an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕！)（二）仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是：how + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefu

22、lly the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心！) 五、基本型（一）将下列句子改为否定句和一般疑问句：1. We do eye exercises every day. We _ _ eye exercises every day._ _ _ eye exercises every day2. Mr. Brown has to go home on foot. Mr. Brown _ _ to go home on foot. _ Mr. Brown _ to go home on foot?3. There is something wrong with the radio

23、. _ _ wrong with the radio. _ _ _ wrong with the radio? 4. Li Pengs already finished his homework. Li Peng _ finished his homework _. _ Li Peng finished his homework _? 5. Lucy will stay there for some time. Lucy _ stay there for _ time. _ Lucy stay there for _ time?（二）就下列句子划线部分提问：1. Li Mings brothe

24、r usually lives in a factory. _ _ usually lives in a factory? 2. There are two apples. The red one is bigger. _ _ is bigger?3. They are singing and dancing in the next room. _ _ they _ in the next room? 4. John prepares his English lessons every evening. _ _ John _ every evening? 5. The lady in whit

25、e is our Chinese teacher. _ _ is your Chinese teacher?（三）完成下列反意疑问句：1. The little boy hurt his foot, _ _? 2. There were only six people present, _ _? 3. There goes the bell, _ _? 4. Lucy has to do some washing, _ _? 5. The twins had to walk home, _ _? 六、提高型1. She is a good student, _ she? A. is B. is

26、nt C. does D. doesnt2. -_ do you go to the park? -Once a year.A. How often B. How long C. How soon D. How many times3. -_ books do you have? -Oh! I cant remember the number, but a lot of them.A. What B. Which C. How many D. How much4. Lets have a rest, _?A. wont you B. will you C. dont you D. shall

27、you5. -_ have you been in this city? -For ten years.A. How often B. How long C. How soon D. When七、综合型1. “_ does it take me from my school to your school?” “About five minutes.”A. How many B. How far C. How much D. How long2. “_ bag is this?“Its mine.”A. What B. Who C. Whos D. Whose3. The Canadian girl knows little Russian, _ she?A. doesnt B. does C. isnt D. is4. Today theyre going to have real English food, _?A. isnt it B. arent they C. doesnt it D. dont they5. Alice has to finish her work now, _ she?A. has B. hasnt C. does D. doesnt