句子成份.docx

1、句子成份句子成分什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分(Members of a Sentence)。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种；而英语的基本成分有七种：主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列

2、式如下：一. SV(主+谓)二. SVP(主+系+表)三. SVO(主+谓+宾)四. SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)五. SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型一：S V (主+谓)主语：可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词(如you)，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家! 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。1. The sun was shini

3、ng. 2. The moon rose. 3. The universe remains. 4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 5. Who cares? 6. What he said does not matter. 7. They talked for half an hour. 8. The pen writes smoothly.基本句型 二： S V P (主+系+表) 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be

4、, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻。 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5.Heis

5、 growing tall and strong. 6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 7. Our well has gone dry. There be 结构：There be 表示“存在有”。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there “那里”混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示(存在)有某事物 试比较：There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词“那里”。基本句型 三： S V O (主+谓+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表

6、达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是“代词宾格”，如：me，him，them等。1. Who knows the answer?2. She smiled her thanks.3. He has refused to help them.4. He enjoys reading.5. They ate what was left over.6. He said Good morning.7. I want to have a cup of tea.8. He admits

7、that he was mistaken基本句型 四： S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常人为间接宾语;物为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please. 强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如： Show this house to Mr. Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please

8、. SV及物o多指人)O(多指物)1. She ordered herself a new dress.2. He brought you a dictionary.3.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.4. He denies her nothing.5. I showed him my pictures.6. I gave my car a wash.7. I told him that the bus was late.8. He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型 五： S V O C (主+谓+宾+

9、宾补) 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语1. They appointed him manager.2. They painted the door green.3. This set them thinking.4. They found the house deserted.5. What makes him think so?6. We saw him out.7. He asked me

10、 to come back soon. 8. I saw them getting on the bus.必备简单句结构一、主语谓语1. 此句型的谓语为不及物动词，不及物动词所要表达的行为动作没有受动者，不需要接宾语。(1) She succeeded in the game.(2) Our national economy would collapse.2. 表示“发生、出现、显现”的动词emerge, happen, occur, arise, appear没有被动语态。(1) Plenty of problems like traffic jam, pollution and energ

11、y shortage have emerged in almost all the metropolises.(2) That eccentric man appeared again in the backyard several days ago.(3) Natural soil fertility drops in many areas.(4) The consequence of our water policies extends beyond jeopardizing human health.3. 翻译练习(1)很多房屋在地震中(earthquake)都倒塌了(collapse)

12、。 (2)机动车的销售量(sales of cars)去年增长(grow)了10%。 (3)有关爆炸(explosion)的新闻迅速地(swiftly)传播开(spread)。 (4)我们的生意在金融衰退期(financial recession)仍然兴隆(thrive)。 (5)贫富差距(the gap between the rich and the poor)的影响(the consequences of)已经不仅仅威胁到了社会稳定(extend beyond doing sth.)。二、主语谓语宾语1. 此句型的谓语为及物动词，及物动词所要表达的行为动作有受动者，需要接宾语。(1) M

13、any young people face uncertain future. (2) Government should make strict rules and regulations.(3) Teachers instruct children in road safety.(4) The overconsumption of fast food threatens human health.(5) The increasing crime rate leads to social panic. 2. 翻译练习(1)缺乏道德教育(the lack of moral education)

14、导致犯罪率的上升。 (2)机械化(machinery)的使用提高了工作效率(working efficiency)。 (3)很多发展中国家面临环境污染的问题。 (4)广告刺激了(stimulate)销量的增长。 (5)荒漠化(deforestation)造成了土地退化(land degradation)。 三、主语系动语表语1. 本句型中作表语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、动名词、代词、分词等，目的是为了说明主语的状态、情况和特点等。常用的系动词为be和其他系动词中，如become, get, remain, seem, look, appear, prove等以及表示感觉的动词，如smell,

15、 sound, taste, feel等。(1) Traffic congestion gets more and more serious.(2) The problem of environmental pollution remains unsolved. (3) How to minimize the gap between the rich and the poor becomes an important issue for government. (4) The consequences of constructing a nuclear plant remain unpredi

16、ctable. (5) Whether rich countries should provide financial aids to poor countries seem to be controversial. (6) First mechanization, then mass use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering, the onward march of intensive

17、 farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half century. 2. 翻译练习(1)对于减肥(weight loss)这个问题，保持(maintain/keep)健康的饮食(diet)和定期的(regular)运动才是有效的(effective)。 (2)事实上，他现在变得既自私(selfish)又贪婪(greedy)。 (3)要求(require sb. To do sth.)孩子去参加义务社会劳动(unpaid community service)看起来很明智(wise)。 (4)政府是否应该把大量的资金投资给(invest)艺术和体育仍

18、然是一个有争议的问题。 (5)过度曝光(overexposure)社会负面新闻(negative news)看起是引发社会恐慌(social panic)的主要原因。 四、主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语1. 主语及物动词宾语形容词（作补语）此句型常用的及物动词为：make, drive, keep, find, suppose, leave, set, wish, consider, think, believe等。(1) Advertisement keeps us well-informed about products.(2) The invention of mobile phone ma

19、kes it possible for us to keep contact with friends and family members.(3) The construction of railway makes it accessible for people to achieve cultural exchange.(4) The news about the failure of our basketball team made us upset.(5) The increasingly serious traffic congestion drives me mad. 2. 翻译练

20、习(1)很多人认为提高收入税(income tax)有非常有必要的。 (2)免费的高等教育使家庭贫困的孩子接受高质量的教育成为可能。 (3)家长认为允许孩子独自旅行(travel alone)很冒险(risky)。 (4)很多教育者认为必须删除网络中暴力的(violent)和色情的(pornographic)内容。 (5)大多数人认为动物实验(animal experiment)是没有人性(inhumane)的。3. 主语谓语宾语名词（作补语）此句中作为补语的名词是修饰宾语的，若去掉作为补语的名词，意思表达是不完整的。通常作为谓语的动词有consider, treat, take, make,

21、 believe, think, prove, see, suppose, view等。(1) Government views traffic congestion as one of the most serious urban problems.(2) Most educators believe the integration of financial education as an important component of schooling. (3) Some people think the installation of surveillance as a violatio

22、n of privacy. (4) A majority of youngsters treat athletes as their role models.(5) We see traditional buildings as the symbol of national culture. 4.翻译练习(1)认为提高收入税(income tax)是解决贫富差距的一个好措施的人很少。(2)很多人认为开发新能源(renewable resources)是解决能源短缺的有效途径。(3)公众认为增加碳排放税(carbon emission tax)的政策是一个具有争议性(controversial)

23、的问题。(4)很多发展中国家把旅游业当作支柱产业(pillar industry)。 (5)大多数人认为枪是暴力(violence)的象征(symbol)。 5. 主语及物动词宾语不定式（作补语）此句型中常用的动词有encourage, allow, require, ask, force, push, motivate, expect, permit, inspire, propel, drive, persuade, help, urge等。(1) Teachers require students to join more social activities.(2) Parents en

24、courage children to travel alone. (3) Government does not allow the public to litter anywhere.(4) My friends expect me to gain success in the following match. (5) The wealthy countries help the earthquake-stricken areas to complete the reconstruction work. 6. 翻译练习(1)中国大多数的家长都希望他们的孩子进入名牌大学。 (2)老师鼓励孩子

25、积极参与义务劳动(unpaid community service)。 (3)父母激励我去追求(pursue)自己的梦想。 (4)政府要求老师教授孩子一些自我保护的技能(self-protection skills)。 (5)几乎所有的老板都强迫员工加班(work overtime)。高频从句一、主语从句1. that从句作为主句的主语成分。当形式主语it放在句首的时候，that从句放到句子末尾位置。通常的句式结构如下：A. It is +adj.+ that从句It is important/ vital/ crucial/ pivotal/ essential/ significant t

26、hatIt is clear/ evident/ obvious/ manifest/ as clear as crystal/ quite common thatIt is undoubted/ undeniable/ doubtless thatIt is (well/ increasingly/ widely/ commonly/ generally) known/ recognized/ acceptable/ acknowledged thatIt is conceivable thatIt is desirable/ admirable thatIt is probable/ po

27、ssible/ more likely thatIt is imperative/ required thatIt is preferable/ profitable thatIt is hazardous/ risky/ perilous thatB. It is+ 过去分词that从句It is reported thatIt is suggested thatIt is well advised thatIt is assumed thatIt is estimated thatIt must be pointed/ stressed out thatIt must be admitte

28、d thatC. It is名词短语that 从句It is always the case thatIt is not always the case thatIt is a fact thatIt is common knowledge/ sense thatIt is a pity/a shame that(1) It is undeniable that global warming is related to improper human activities.(2) It is estimated that the number of students will expand to

29、 more than 3000.(3) It must be pointed out that parents have the responsible to teach children how to tell right from wrong (4) It is always the case that teenagers commit crimes by learning the violent behaviors in movies. (5) It is common knowledge that the overconsumption of fried food leads to o

30、besity. 2. 用疑问词whether, what, who, when, why引导的疑问句也可以作为主语从句中的主语成份。(1) What action government would take remains unknown.(2) Whether policemen should carry guns or not is still controversial.(3) Who will endorse our brand has not been decided yet.(4) Why few teachers are willing to adopt teamwork in

31、class cannot be understood by us.(5) When we will hold the party needs to be discussed.3. 翻译练习(1)由爷爷奶奶来照顾孩子不是一个明确的决定。 (2)如何解决交通拥堵的问题仍然值得研究。 (3)政府是否需要把大量的资金用于太空控索仍然存在争议。 (4)必须要指出的是，众多贫困国家的领导人并不知道恰当地使用捐款。 (5)家长有必要知道他们的孩子通常都和什么样的人相处。 二、宾语从句1. that从句在主句中作为宾语成分，接在谓语后面。宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。写作中经常应用的宾语从句的句式如下：Most of us believe/ assume/ assert/ deem/ are convinced thatSeveral people argue/ contend/ doubt/ deny that