哈佛大学公开课justice自己整理版.docx

1、哈佛大学公开课justice自己整理版This is a course about justice and we begin with a story.这是一堂关于公平与正义的公共课，让我们先从一个故事讲起Suppose youre the driver of a trolley car, and your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 miles an hour.假设你现在是一辆有轨电车的司机而你的电车正在铁轨上以时速60英里疾驶And at the end of the track you notice five workers

2、working on the track. 在铁轨末端，你发现有五个工人在铁轨上工作You try to stop but you cant, your brakes dont work.你尽力想停下电车, 但是你做不到，电车的刹车失灵了You feel desperate because you know that if you crash into these five workers, they will all die.你觉得十分绝望,因为你知道如果你就这样撞向这5个工人,他们必死无疑 Lets assume you know that for sure. 假定你很清楚这一点And s

3、o you feel helpless until you notice that there is, off to the right, a side track and at the end of that track, there is one worker, working on the track.正当你感到无助的时候, 你突然发现 就在右边一条岔道,那根轨道的尽头 只有一个工人在那里工作Your steering wheel works, so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track kil

4、ling the one but sparing the five.你的方向盘没有失灵, 只要你愿意你可以让电车转向到那条分叉铁轨上 撞死一个工人但却因此救了另外5个人Heres our first question: whats the right thing to do 现在提出第一个问题,我们该怎么做才对What would you do Lets take a poll.你会怎么做 我们做个调查看看How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track Raise your hands.有多少人会选择让电车转向到分叉铁轨上,请举手

5、How many wouldnt How many would go straight ahead多少人不会多少人选择就这样笔直开下去Keep your hands up those of you, who would go straight ahead. 选笔直开下去的人先别放手A handful of people would, 少数人会the vast majority would turn.大多数人选择转向 Lets hear first, now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think让我们先听听看现在我们研

6、究下你为什么觉得its the right thing to do. 这样做是正确的Lets begin with those in the majority who would turn to go 让我们先从大多数人开始吧,谁选择转向的onto the side track. Why would you do it 你为什么这么选What would be your reason Whos willing to volunteer a reason你的理由是什么谁愿意给我一个理由的 Go ahead. Stand up. 站起来说吧Because it cant be right to k

7、ill five people when you can only kill one person instead. 因为当你可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定是不对的It wouldnt be right to kill five if you could kill one person instead. Thats a good reason.当可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定不对这是个好理由Thats a good reason. Who else 这是个好理由其他人呢Does everybody agree with that reason Go ahead. 每个人都同意刚刚那

8、个理由么 你来Well I was thinking its the same reason on 9/11 with regard to the people who flew the plane into the Pennsylvania field as heroes because they chose to kill the people on the plane and not kill more people in big buildings.我觉得这和的一项事件是同样原因,我们把那些将飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚空地的人视为英雄.因为他们选择只牺牲飞机里的人从而拯救了大楼里的更多生命So

9、 the principle there was the same on 9/11.所以原因和事件中那些人的选择是相同的 Its a tragic circumstance but better to kill one so that five can live, is that the reason most of you had, those of you who would turn Yes虽然一定会发生悲剧但只撞死一个人好过撞死五个 你们大多数人是不是都这么想选择转向的各位,是么Lets hear now from those in the minority, those who wo

10、uldnt turn. Yes.现在让我们听听那些少数人的想法 选择直行的人Well, I think thats the same type of mentality that justifies genocide and totalitarianism.我觉得这和对种族灭绝与极权主义 的诡辩相似In order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other. So what would you do in this case 为了拯救一个种族,你抹去了其他的种族，那么在这个事例中你会怎么做You would, to avoid the h

11、orrors of genocide, you would crash into the five and kill them 你会,为了避免骇人的种族灭绝主义而选择撞死那5个人么Presumably, yes. 理论上,是这样 You would 真的-Yeah. 是Okay. Who else Thats a brave answer. 好吧,还有谁这是个大胆的想法Thank you. 谢谢Lets consider another trolley car case 让我们再考虑另一个有关电车的例子and see whether those of you in the majority w

12、ant to adhere to the principle “better that one should die so that five should live.”看看是不是那些占多数的人仍然会坚持刚才的原则 “牺牲一个人总好过撞死5个人.”This time youre not the driver of the trolley car, 这次你不是电车的司机了youre an onlooker. Youre standing on a bridge overlooking a trolley car track.你是个旁观者,你站在桥上 俯瞰桥下电车的铁轨 And down the

13、track comes a trolley car, at the end of the track are five workers, the brakes dont work, the trolley car is about to careen into the five and kill them.此时电车开过铁轨尽头有5个工人刹车失灵，电车马上就要冲向那5个人了And now, youre not the driver, you really feel helpless until you notice standing next to you, leaning over the b

14、ridge is a very fat man.而这次,你不是司机你真的感到毫无办法直到你突然发现,你旁边一个非常非常胖的人靠在桥上 And you could give him a shove. 你可以推他一下 He would fall over the bridge onto the track right in the way of the trolleycar.他会摔下桥而且挡住电车的去路He would die but he would spare the five. 虽然他会被压死,但因此另外五个人将得救.Now, how many would push the fat man

15、over the bridge 这次,多少人会推一把桥上的胖子Raise your hand. 举起你的手How many wouldnt 多少人不会这样做Most people wouldnt. Heres the obvious question. 绝大多数人不会问题显而易见 What became of the principle “better to save five lives even if it means sacrificing one” 刚才的原则发生了什么牺牲一个人总比牺牲5个人好What became of the principle that almost every

16、one endorsed in the first case I need to hear from someone刚才第一个事例里几乎每个人都赞同的原则怎么了么我要听听。who was in the majority in both cases.两次都站在多数人阵营里的人的想法How do you explain the difference between the two Yes.你怎么解释前后不同的选择 你来The second one, I guess, involves an active choice of pushing a person down which I guess t

17、hat person himself would otherwise not have been involved in the situation at all. 第二个例子, 我觉得,涉及到主动选择的问题。我想去推一个人,而那个人本不会涉及到这场事故里and so to choose on his behalf, I guess, to involve him in something that he otherwise would have escaped is, I guess, more than what you have in the first case where the t

18、hree parties, the driver and the two sets of workers, are already, I guess, in the situation.我们替他做了选择, 把他卷入进来,而这件事本与他无关;但第一个例子里,三方, 司机、两队工人已经身在这麻烦事当中了。But the guy working, the one on the track off to the side, 但是那个在铁轨上单独工作的家伙he didnt choose to sacrifice his life any more than the fat man did, did he

19、 他没有自己选择牺牲他的生命,而胖子也是这样, 不是么Thats true, but he was on the tracks and 是的, 但是他已经在铁轨上了所以This guy was on the bridge. 那那个胖子也已经在桥上了啊Go ahead; you can come back if you want. All right. 你愿意的话可以待会儿接着说. 好吧.Its a hard question. You did well. You did very well. 这是个很困难的问题,你做的很好,你做的很好Its a hard question. 问题很难.Who

20、else can find a way of reconciling the reaction of the majority in these two cases Yes. 还有谁能综合解释一下为何多数人在两个事例中的选择截然不同 你。Well, I guess in the first case where you have the one worker and the five, its a choice between those two and you have to make a certain choice and people are going to die because

21、of the trolley car, not necessarily because of your direct actions. The trolley car is a runaway thing and youre making a split second choice. 是的, 我觉得在第一个例子中一个工人和五个工人这两者之间选择,你不得不做出选择,工人们是死于那辆电车而不是因你直接行为必然造成的电车失控了, 你必须在一瞬间做出选择Whereas pushing the fat man over is an actual act of murder on your part. 而

22、推那个胖子的话,就你的行为来说,是确确实实的谋杀行为。You have control over that where as you may not have control over the trolley car. 你可以控制自己是否推他,但你没办法控制电车是否撞向工人So I think its a slightly different situation. 所以我认为这两个场合略有不同All right, who has a reply Thats good. Who has a way 很好, 谁想对他说的做出回应很好,谁想回应Who wants to reply Is that a

23、 way out of this 谁想说 有别的答案么I dont think thats a very good reason because you choose to - either way you have to choose who dies because you either choose to turn and kill the person, which is an act of conscious thought to turn, or you choose to push the fat man over which is also an active, conscio

24、us action. 我觉得那不是一个很好的理由,因为你选择.无论你怎么选你都是在选择杀人。因为不管你是选择让电车撞向另一边的一个人,这是你自己有意识的行为,还是你选去推桥上那个胖子,这也是你自己主动, 而且有意识的行为So either way, youre making a choice. 所以无论你怎么做,你都在做选择 Do you want to reply 你想回应她的说法么Im not really sure that thats the case. 我不是很确定我刚刚说的是完全对的It just still seems kind of different. 它只是看起来好像有点不

25、同The act of actually pushing someone over onto the tracks and killing him, you are actually killing him yourself. 把一个人推向铁轨的行为,他死了,你事实上是自己亲手杀了他Youre pushing him with your own hands. 你亲手去推他了Youre pushing him and thats different than steering something that is going to cause death into another. 你推他了这就造

26、成了不同,前者则是你打方向盘造成了别人的死亡。You know, it doesnt really sound right saying it now. 好吧, 现在说起来似乎就不是那么对了No, no. Its good. Its good. Whats your name 不, 不, 你说的很好了,你叫什么 Andrew. 安德鲁Andrew. Let me ask you this question, Andrew. 让我问你个问题,安德鲁Yes. 好的Suppose standing on the bridge next to the fat man, 假如我站在桥上,在胖子身边I d

27、idnt have to push him, suppose he was standing over 我不必一定要去推他,假设他站在一扇活动门旁a trap door that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that. Would you turn 而我可以像这样用方向盘打开那扇门,你会开么trap trp n. 圈套, 陷阱,trap door:地板门; 天窗; 活板门For some reason, that still just seems more wrong. 那个多少那个看起来更加不对了 Right 是么I mean,

28、 maybe if you accidentally like leaned into the steering wheel or something like that. 我是说, 可能你只是不小心靠到了方向盘上,或者类似的But. Or say that the car is hurtling towards a switch that will drop the trap. 或者说电车冲到了那个转换器上导致活动门打开了Then I could agree with that. 那我会赞同 Thats all right. Fair enough. 好的It still seems wro

29、ng in a way that it doesnt seem wrong in the first case to turn, you say. 在第一种情况下是正确的选择,这会儿就不对了.你说And in another way, I mean, in the first situation 换种说法, 我觉得, 在第一种情况下 youre involved directly with the situation. 你已经直接卷入事件中了In the second one, youre an onlooker as well. 而在第二种情况下你只是个旁观者 All right. 好的-S

30、o you have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man. 所以你不得不选择是否卷入进去,是否要推那个胖子。All right. Lets forget for the moment about this case. 好吧, 让我们先暂且不考虑这个事例Thats good. Lets imagine a different case. 很好现在想象一个不一样的场景 imagine imdin vt.想象,幻想,猜测 vi. 想象This time youre a doctor in an emergency

31、 room and six patients come to you. 这次你是急诊室里的一个医生,有六个病人向你求助Theyve been in a terrible trolley car wreck. 他们都被电车重重压过 Five of them sustain moderate injuries, one is severely injured, you could spend all da caring for the one severely injured victim but in that time, the five would die.其中五个人中度受伤,另一个受到重伤

32、, 你可以花一整天救治那个重伤的受害者，但是同时另外五人会因此死掉 Or you could look after the five, restore them to health but during that time, the one severely injured person would die. 或者你可以去照顾那五个让他们恢复健康,但是同时,那个受重伤的病人会死How many would save the five Now as the doctor, 现在作为一个医生多少人会选择去救那五个人how many would save the one 多少人选救那个重伤的Very few people, just a handful of peopl