文学术语.docx

1、文学术语文学术语Gothic NovelsThe word “Gothic” originally referred to a Germanic tribe, but came to be used to mean “medieval”. Nowadays the word refers to the art and architecture of the Middle Ages, in particular the pointed arch typical of medieval architecture.Gothic Novels, a literary style popular dur

2、ing the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, are fictions which deal with cruel passions and supernatural terrors in some medieval setting, such as a haunted castle or monastery with an obsessive, gloomy, violent and spine-chilling atmosphere. Gothic literature was named for the ap

3、parent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Prominent features of gothic novels included terror, mystery, the supernatural, doom, decay, old buildings with ghosts in them, madness, hereditary curses etc. Famous novels include Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, Emily Brontes

4、 Wuthering Heights, Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart , William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, etc.Stream of consciousnessa common narrative technique in the modern novel: the attempt to convey all the contents of a characters mind-memory, sense perceptions, feelings, intuitions, thoughts-in relation too

5、the stream of experience as it passes by, often at random. The typical characteristic of this technique is that the author attempts to reproduce the flow of consciousness in a characters mind, without intervention by the author, and perhaps even without grammar or logical development. It is differen

6、t from interior monologue, which refers to an attempt to convey in words the process of consciousness or thought (as a means of narrating a story). The term was coined by William James in The Principles of Psychology (1890). In the 20th century, writers attempting to capture the total flow of their

7、characters consciousness commonly used the techniques of interior monologue, which represents a sequence of thought and feeling. Novels in which stream of consciousness plays an important role include James Joyces Ulysses (1922), William Faulkners The Sound and the Fury (1929), and Virginia Woolfs T

8、he Waves (1931).Interior monologuealso known as internal monologue, inner voice, internal speech, or stream of consciousness, is thinking in words. It is the written representation of a characters inner thoughts, impressions, and memories as if directly overheard without the apparent intervention of

9、 a summarizing and selecting narrator.内心独白Some critics take stream of consciousness as the larger category, embracing all representations of intermingled thoughts and perceptions, within which interior monologue is a special case of direct presentation; others take interior monologue as the larger c

10、ategory, within which stream of consciousness is a special technique emphasizing continuous flow by abandoning strict logic, syntax, and punctuation. However, nowadays it is more common, and more analytically useful, to use the term as a label for this distinct variety of stream-of-consciousness pro

11、se.The Yoknapatawpha novel约克纳帕塔法世系小说Most of Faulkners works are set in the American South, with his emphasis on the Southern subjects and consciousness. They are about people from a sma1l region in Northern Mississippi, Yoknapatawpha County, which is actually an imaginary place based on Faulkners ch

12、ildhood memory about the town of Oxford in his native Lafayette County. With his rich imagination, Faulkner turned the land, the people and the history of the region into a literary creation and a mythical kingdom. The Yoknapatawpha stories deal, generally, with the historical period from the Civil

13、War up to the 1920s when the First World War broke out, and people of a stratified society, the aristocrats, the new rich, the poor whites, and the blacks. As a result, Yoknapatawpha County has become an allegory or a parable of the Old South, with which Faulkner has managed successfully to show a p

14、anorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society. The Yoknapatawpha saga is Faulkners real achievement.Faulkners “Yoknapatawpha novels” include 15 novels, for example, The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), Absalom, Absalom! (1936), The

15、 Hamlet (1940), and Go Down, Moses (1942), etc. and they feature some of the same characters and locations. Many of Faulkners same characters are found in his various novels; a character who appears in a minor role in one novel might reappear as a significant character in another.Epiphany-a word wit

16、h connotations of religious revelation. Actually a manifestation of Gods presence in the world is called an “epiphany” by Christians. (主显节，指的是耶苏基督向世人显灵的日子). James Joyce, in his fiction, uses the word to describe moments of sudden spiritual manifestations, namely, a character suddenly experiences a d

17、eep realization about himself or herself. 精神顿悟；猝然的心领神会O. Henrys ending-Also called a trick ending or a surprise ending. This term comes from the short stories of O. Henry, referring to a totally unexpected and unprepared-for turn of events, one which alters the action in a narrative. O. Henry ending

18、s usually do not work well with foreshadowing, but particularly clever artists may craft their narratives so that the foreshadowing exists in retrospect. An O. Henry ending is usually a positive term of praise for the authors cleverness. Hemingways code heroThe code hero refers to some protagonists

19、in Hemingways works. Hemingway deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code, known as “grace under pressure（重压下的从容）”. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code not only with physical strength, sexual potency,

20、 or ability to accumulate (or spend) wealth but also with honesty, discipline, the restraint, courage, will, pride, and endurance: the endurance to accept pain, even loss-when the loss cannot be avoided; the pride of knowing that one has done ones best, with the courage to act truly according to one

21、s own nature; and the will to face defeat or victory without whining on one hand or boasting on the other. Such a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. He keeps emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined. He fights a solitary struggle agains

22、t a force he does not even understand. Barnes in The Sun Also Rises and Santiago in The Old Man and The Sea are such heroes. Though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physical1y destroyed but never defeated spiritually.

23、Obviously, Hemingways limited fictional world implies a much broader thematic pattern and serious philosophica1 concern. Hemingway Code Heroes plainly embody Hemingways own values and view of life.Hemingways iceberg techniqueHemingway developed and prided himself on a philosophy of writing that he t

24、ermed “the iceberg principle”. In a 1958 interview in The Paris Review, Hemingway described this style of writing in the following terms: “I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and

25、 it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesnt show. If a writer omits something because he does not know it then there is a hole in the story.” Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth he is presented will sug

26、gest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. Thus, Hemingways language is symbolic and suggestive. He has been described as a master of dialogue. An excellent example of Hemingways style is found in A Clea

27、n, Well-Lighted Place.Lost GenerationIt refers to, in general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of expatriated disillusioned intellectuals and artists, who experimented on new modes of life and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing their only

28、 by despair or a cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein: “You are all a lost generation”, addressed to Hemingway, was used as an epigraph to Hemingways novel The Sun Also Rises, which brilliantly describes those expatriates who had cut themselves off from their past in American in order to c

29、reate new types of writing. The generation was lost in the sense that they were disillusioned with the war-wrecked world and spiritually alienated from America that seemed to be hopeless, provincial, materialistic and emotional barren. The term embraces Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, E.E. Cummin

30、gs, and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s.Bloomsbury Group(布卢姆斯伯里团体)Bloomsbury Group takes its name from the district of the Bloomsbury area of London, the center of its activities from 1904 to World War II. It included an English group of artists

31、 and scholars, of Bohemian disposition, such as Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, E. M. Forster, Vita Sackville-West, Roger Fry, Clive Bell, and John Maynard Keynes. The group began as a social clique: a few recent Cambridge graduates and their closest friends would assemble on Thursda

32、y nights for drinks and conversation. Its members were committed to a rejection of what they felt were the strictures and taboos of Victorianism on religious, artistic, social, and sexual matters. Their work deeply influenced literature, aesthetics, criticism, and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism, and sexuality.小说要素术语Character-Any representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed