文学术语.docx

文学术语.docx

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文学术语

文学术语

GothicNovels

Theword“Gothic”originallyreferredtoaGermanictribe,butcametobeusedtomean“medieval”.NowadaysthewordreferstotheartandarchitectureoftheMiddleAges,inparticularthepointedarchtypicalofmedievalarchitecture.

GothicNovels,aliterarystylepopularduringtheendofthe18thcenturyandthebeginningofthe19th,arefictionswhichdealwithcruelpassionsandsupernaturalterrorsinsomemedievalsetting,suchasahauntedcastleormonasterywithanobsessive,gloomy,violentandspine-chillingatmosphere.Gothicliteraturewasnamedfortheapparentinfluenceofthedarkgothicarchitectureoftheperiodonthegenre.Prominentfeaturesofgothicnovelsincludedterror,mystery,thesupernatural,doom,decay,oldbuildingswithghostsinthem,madness,hereditarycursesetc.FamousnovelsincludeMaryShelley’sFrankenstein,EmilyBronte’sWutheringHeights,AllenPoe’sTheTell-TaleHeart,WilliamFaulkner’sARoseforEmily,etc.

Streamofconsciousness

acommonnarrativetechniqueinthemodernnovel:

theattempttoconveyallthecontentsofacharacter’smind----memory,senseperceptions,feelings,intuitions,thoughts----inrelationtoothestreamofexperienceasitpassesby,oftenatrandom.Thetypicalcharacteristicofthistechniqueisthattheauthorattemptstoreproducetheflowofconsciousnessinacharacter’smind,withoutinterventionbytheauthor,andperhapsevenwithoutgrammarorlogicaldevelopment.Itisdifferentfrominteriormonologue,whichreferstoanattempttoconveyinwordstheprocessofconsciousnessorthought（asameansofnarratingastory）.

ThetermwascoinedbyWilliamJamesinThePrinciplesofPsychology（1890）.Inthe20thcentury,writersattemptingtocapturethetotalflowoftheircharacters'consciousnesscommonlyusedthetechniquesofinteriormonologue,whichrepresentsasequenceofthoughtandfeeling.NovelsinwhichstreamofconsciousnessplaysanimportantroleincludeJamesJoyce'sUlysses（1922）,WilliamFaulkner'sTheSoundandtheFury（1929）,andVirginiaWoolf'sTheWaves（1931）.

Interiormonologue

alsoknownasinternalmonologue,innervoice,internalspeech,orstreamofconsciousness,isthinkinginwords.Itisthewrittenrepresentationofacharacter'sinnerthoughts,impressions,andmemoriesasifdirectly‘overheard’withouttheapparentinterventionofasummarizingandselectingnarrator.内心独白

Somecriticstake‘streamofconsciousness’asthelargercategory,embracingallrepresentationsofintermingledthoughtsandperceptions,withinwhichinteriormonologueisaspecialcaseof‘direct’presentation;otherstakeinteriormonologueasthelargercategory,withinwhichstreamofconsciousnessisaspecialtechniqueemphasizingcontinuous‘flow’byabandoningstrictlogic,syntax,andpunctuation.However,nowadaysitismorecommon,andmoreanalyticallyuseful,tousethetermasalabelforthisdistinctvarietyofstream-of-consciousnessprose.

TheYoknapatawphanovel约克纳帕塔法世系小说

MostofFaulkner’sworksaresetintheAmericanSouth,withhisemphasisontheSouthernsubjectsandconsciousness.Theyareaboutpeoplefromasma1lregioninNorthernMississippi,YoknapatawphaCounty,whichisactuallyanimaginaryplacebasedonFaulkner’schildhoodmemoryaboutthetownofOxfordinhisnativeLafayetteCounty.Withhisrichimagination,Faulknerturnedtheland,thepeopleandthehistoryoftheregionintoaliterarycreationandamythicalkingdom.TheYoknapatawphastoriesdeal,generally,withthehistoricalperiodfromtheCivilWaruptothe1920swhentheFirstWorldWarbrokeout,andpeopleofastratifiedsociety,thearistocrats,thenewrich,thepoorwhites,andtheblacks.Asaresult,YoknapatawphaCountyhasbecomeanallegoryoraparableoftheOldSouth,withwhichFaulknerhasmanagedsuccessfullytoshowapanoramaoftheexperienceandconsciousnessofthewholeSouthernsociety.TheYoknapatawphasagaisFaulkner’srealachievement.

Faulkner’s“Yoknapatawphanovels”include15novels,forexample,TheSoundandtheFury（1929）,AsILayDying（1930）,LightinAugust（1932）,Absalom,Absalom!

（1936）,TheHamlet（1940）,andGoDown,Moses（1942）,etc.andtheyfeaturesomeofthesamecharactersandlocations.ManyofFaulkner’ssamecharactersarefoundinhisvariousnovels;acharacterwhoappearsinaminorroleinonenovelmightreappearasasignificantcharacterinanother.

Epiphany----awordwithconnotationsofreligiousrevelation.ActuallyamanifestationofGod’spresenceintheworldiscalledan“epiphany”byChristians.（主显节，指的是耶苏基督向世人显灵的日子）.JamesJoyce,inhisfiction,usesthewordtodescribemomentsofsuddenspiritualmanifestations,namely,acharactersuddenlyexperiencesadeeprealizationabouthimselforherself.精神顿悟；猝然的心领神会

O.Henry’sending----Alsocalledatrickendingorasurpriseending.ThistermcomesfromtheshortstoriesofO.Henry,referringtoatotallyunexpectedandunprepared-forturnofevents,onewhichalterstheactioninanarrative.O.Henryendingsusuallydonotworkwellwithforeshadowing,butparticularlycleverartistsmaycrafttheirnarrativessothattheforeshadowingexistsinretrospect.AnO.Henryendingisusuallyapositivetermofpraisefortheauthor’scleverness.

Hemingway’scodehero

ThecodeheroreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingway’sworks.Hemingwaydealswithalimitedrangeofcharactersinquitesimilarcircumstancesandmeasuresthemagainstanunvaryingcode,knownas“graceunderpressure（重压下的从容）”.Thosewhosurviveintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodenotonlywithphysicalstrength,sexualpotency,orabilitytoaccumulate（orspend）wealthbutalsowithhonesty,discipline,therestraint,courage,will,pride,andendurance:

theendurancetoacceptpain,evenloss----whenthelosscannotbeavoided;theprideofknowingthatonehasdoneone’sbest,withthecouragetoacttrulyaccordingtoone’sownnature;andthewilltofacedefeatorvictorywithoutwhiningononehandorboastingontheother.Suchaherousuallyisanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent.Hekeepsemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplined.Hefightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.BarnesinTheSunAlsoRisesandSantiagoinTheOldManandTheSeaaresuchheroes.Thoughlifeisbutalosingbattle,itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity;mancanbephysical1ydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.Obviously,Hemingway’slimitedfictionalworldimpliesamuchbroaderthematicpatternandseriousphilosophica1concern.HemingwayCodeHeroesplainlyembodyHemingway'sownvaluesandviewoflife.

Hemingway’sicebergtechnique

Hemingwaydevelopedandpridedhimselfonaphilosophyofwritingthathetermed“theicebergprinciple”.Ina1958interviewinTheParisReview,Hemingwaydescribedthisstyleofwritinginthefollowingterms:

“Ialwaystrytowriteontheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eighthsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesn’tshow.Ifawriteromitssomethingbecausehedoesnotknowitthenthereisaholeinthestory.”Hemingwaybelievesthatagoodwriterdoesnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.Theone-eighthheispresentedwillsuggestallothermeaningfuldimensionsofthestory.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.Thus,Hemingway’slanguageissymbolicandsuggestive.Hehasbeendescribedasamasterofdialogue.AnexcellentexampleofHemingway’sstyleisfoundinAClean,Well-LightedPlace.

LostGeneration

Itrefersto,ingeneral,thepost-WorldWarIgeneration,butspecificallyagroupofexpatriateddisillusionedintellectualsandartists,whoexperimentedonnewmodesoflifeandexpressionbyrebellingagainstformeridealsandvaluesandreplacingtheironlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.TheremarkofGertrudeStein:

“Youareallalostgeneration”,addressedtoHemingway,wasusedasanepigraphtoHemingway’snovelTheSunAlsoRises,whichbrilliantlydescribesthoseexpatriateswhohadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastinAmericaninordertocreatenewtypesofwriting.Thegenerationwaslostinthesensethattheyweredisillusionedwiththewar-wreckedworldandspirituallyalienatedfromAmericathatseemedtobehopeless,provincial,materialisticandemotionalbarren.ThetermembracesHemingway,Fitzgerald,EzraPound,E.E.Cummings,andmanyotherwriterswhomadeParisthecenteroftheirliteraryactivitiesinthe1920s.

BloomsburyGroup（布卢姆斯伯里团体）

BloomsburyGrouptakesitsnamefromthedistrictoftheBloomsburyareaofLondon,thecenterofitsactivitiesfrom1904toWorldWarII.ItincludedanEnglishgroupofartistsandscholars,of"Bohemian"disposition,suchasLyttonStrachey,VirginiaWoolf,LeonardWoolf,E.M.Forster,VitaSackville-West,RogerFry,CliveBell,andJohnMaynardKeynes.Thegroupbeganasasocialclique:

afewrecentCambridgegraduatesandtheirclosestfriendswouldassembleonThursdaynightsfordrinksandconversation.ItsmemberswerecommittedtoarejectionofwhattheyfeltwerethestricturesandtaboosofVictorianismonreligious,artistic,social,andsexualmatters.Theirworkdeeplyinfluencedliterature,aesthetics,criticism,andeconomicsaswellasmodernattitudestowardsfeminism,pacifism,andsexuality.

小说要素术语

Character----Anyrepresentationofanindividualbeingpresentedinadramaticornarrativeworkthroughextendeddramaticorverbalrepresentation.Thereadercaninterpretcharactersasendowedwithmoralanddispositionalqualitiesexpressed