文学术语.docx
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文学术语
文学术语
GothicNovels
Theword“Gothic”originallyreferredtoaGermanictribe,butcametobeusedtomean“medieval”.NowadaysthewordreferstotheartandarchitectureoftheMiddleAges,inparticularthepointedarchtypicalofmedievalarchitecture.
GothicNovels,aliterarystylepopularduringtheendofthe18thcenturyandthebeginningofthe19th,arefictionswhichdealwithcruelpassionsandsupernaturalterrorsinsomemedievalsetting,suchasahauntedcastleormonasterywithanobsessive,gloomy,violentandspine-chillingatmosphere.Gothicliteraturewasnamedfortheapparentinfluenceofthedarkgothicarchitectureoftheperiodonthegenre.Prominentfeaturesofgothicnovelsincludedterror,mystery,thesupernatural,doom,decay,oldbuildingswithghostsinthem,madness,hereditarycursesetc.FamousnovelsincludeMaryShelley’sFrankenstein,EmilyBronte’sWutheringHeights,AllenPoe’sTheTell-TaleHeart,WilliamFaulkner’sARoseforEmily,etc.
Streamofconsciousness
acommonnarrativetechniqueinthemodernnovel:
theattempttoconveyallthecontentsofacharacter’smind----memory,senseperceptions,feelings,intuitions,thoughts----inrelationtoothestreamofexperienceasitpassesby,oftenatrandom.Thetypicalcharacteristicofthistechniqueisthattheauthorattemptstoreproducetheflowofconsciousnessinacharacter’smind,withoutinterventionbytheauthor,andperhapsevenwithoutgrammarorlogicaldevelopment.Itisdifferentfrominteriormonologue,whichreferstoanattempttoconveyinwordstheprocessofconsciousnessorthought(asameansofnarratingastory).
ThetermwascoinedbyWilliamJamesinThePrinciplesofPsychology(1890).Inthe20thcentury,writersattemptingtocapturethetotalflowoftheircharacters'consciousnesscommonlyusedthetechniquesofinteriormonologue,whichrepresentsasequenceofthoughtandfeeling.NovelsinwhichstreamofconsciousnessplaysanimportantroleincludeJamesJoyce'sUlysses(1922),WilliamFaulkner'sTheSoundandtheFury(1929),andVirginiaWoolf'sTheWaves(1931).
Interiormonologue
alsoknownasinternalmonologue,innervoice,internalspeech,orstreamofconsciousness,isthinkinginwords.Itisthewrittenrepresentationofacharacter'sinnerthoughts,impressions,andmemoriesasifdirectly‘overheard’withouttheapparentinterventionofasummarizingandselectingnarrator.内心独白
Somecriticstake‘streamofconsciousness’asthelargercategory,embracingallrepresentationsofintermingledthoughtsandperceptions,withinwhichinteriormonologueisaspecialcaseof‘direct’presentation;otherstakeinteriormonologueasthelargercategory,withinwhichstreamofconsciousnessisaspecialtechniqueemphasizingcontinuous‘flow’byabandoningstrictlogic,syntax,andpunctuation.However,nowadaysitismorecommon,andmoreanalyticallyuseful,tousethetermasalabelforthisdistinctvarietyofstream-of-consciousnessprose.
TheYoknapatawphanovel约克纳帕塔法世系小说
MostofFaulkner’sworksaresetintheAmericanSouth,withhisemphasisontheSouthernsubjectsandconsciousness.Theyareaboutpeoplefromasma1lregioninNorthernMississippi,YoknapatawphaCounty,whichisactuallyanimaginaryplacebasedonFaulkner’schildhoodmemoryaboutthetownofOxfordinhisnativeLafayetteCounty.Withhisrichimagination,Faulknerturnedtheland,thepeopleandthehistoryoftheregionintoaliterarycreationandamythicalkingdom.TheYoknapatawphastoriesdeal,generally,withthehistoricalperiodfromtheCivilWaruptothe1920swhentheFirstWorldWarbrokeout,andpeopleofastratifiedsociety,thearistocrats,thenewrich,thepoorwhites,andtheblacks.Asaresult,YoknapatawphaCountyhasbecomeanallegoryoraparableoftheOldSouth,withwhichFaulknerhasmanagedsuccessfullytoshowapanoramaoftheexperienceandconsciousnessofthewholeSouthernsociety.TheYoknapatawphasagaisFaulkner’srealachievement.
Faulkner’s“Yoknapatawphanovels”include15novels,forexample,TheSoundandtheFury(1929),AsILayDying(1930),LightinAugust(1932),Absalom,Absalom!
(1936),TheHamlet(1940),andGoDown,Moses(1942),etc.andtheyfeaturesomeofthesamecharactersandlocations.ManyofFaulkner’ssamecharactersarefoundinhisvariousnovels;acharacterwhoappearsinaminorroleinonenovelmightreappearasasignificantcharacterinanother.
Epiphany----awordwithconnotationsofreligiousrevelation.ActuallyamanifestationofGod’spresenceintheworldiscalledan“epiphany”byChristians.(主显节,指的是耶苏基督向世人显灵的日子).JamesJoyce,inhisfiction,usesthewordtodescribemomentsofsuddenspiritualmanifestations,namely,acharactersuddenlyexperiencesadeeprealizationabouthimselforherself.精神顿悟;猝然的心领神会
O.Henry’sending----Alsocalledatrickendingorasurpriseending.ThistermcomesfromtheshortstoriesofO.Henry,referringtoatotallyunexpectedandunprepared-forturnofevents,onewhichalterstheactioninanarrative.O.Henryendingsusuallydonotworkwellwithforeshadowing,butparticularlycleverartistsmaycrafttheirnarrativessothattheforeshadowingexistsinretrospect.AnO.Henryendingisusuallyapositivetermofpraisefortheauthor’scleverness.
Hemingway’scodehero
ThecodeheroreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingway’sworks.Hemingwaydealswithalimitedrangeofcharactersinquitesimilarcircumstancesandmeasuresthemagainstanunvaryingcode,knownas“graceunderpressure(重压下的从容)”.Thosewhosurviveintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodenotonlywithphysicalstrength,sexualpotency,orabilitytoaccumulate(orspend)wealthbutalsowithhonesty,discipline,therestraint,courage,will,pride,andendurance:
theendurancetoacceptpain,evenloss----whenthelosscannotbeavoided;theprideofknowingthatonehasdoneone’sbest,withthecouragetoacttrulyaccordingtoone’sownnature;andthewilltofacedefeatorvictorywithoutwhiningononehandorboastingontheother.Suchaherousuallyisanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent.Hekeepsemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplined.Hefightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.BarnesinTheSunAlsoRisesandSantiagoinTheOldManandTheSeaaresuchheroes.Thoughlifeisbutalosingbattle,itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity;mancanbephysical1ydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.Obviously,Hemingway’slimitedfictionalworldimpliesamuchbroaderthematicpatternandseriousphilosophica1concern.HemingwayCodeHeroesplainlyembodyHemingway'sownvaluesandviewoflife.
Hemingway’sicebergtechnique
Hemingwaydevelopedandpridedhimselfonaphilosophyofwritingthathetermed“theicebergprinciple”.Ina1958interviewinTheParisReview,Hemingwaydescribedthisstyleofwritinginthefollowingterms:
“Ialwaystrytowriteontheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eighthsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesn’tshow.Ifawriteromitssomethingbecausehedoesnotknowitthenthereisaholeinthestory.”Hemingwaybelievesthatagoodwriterdoesnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.Theone-eighthheispresentedwillsuggestallothermeaningfuldimensionsofthestory.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.Thus,Hemingway’slanguageissymbolicandsuggestive.Hehasbeendescribedasamasterofdialogue.AnexcellentexampleofHemingway’sstyleisfoundinAClean,Well-LightedPlace.
LostGeneration
Itrefersto,ingeneral,thepost-WorldWarIgeneration,butspecificallyagroupofexpatriateddisillusionedintellectualsandartists,whoexperimentedonnewmodesoflifeandexpressionbyrebellingagainstformeridealsandvaluesandreplacingtheironlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.TheremarkofGertrudeStein:
“Youareallalostgeneration”,addressedtoHemingway,wasusedasanepigraphtoHemingway’snovelTheSunAlsoRises,whichbrilliantlydescribesthoseexpatriateswhohadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastinAmericaninordertocreatenewtypesofwriting.Thegenerationwaslostinthesensethattheyweredisillusionedwiththewar-wreckedworldandspirituallyalienatedfromAmericathatseemedtobehopeless,provincial,materialisticandemotionalbarren.ThetermembracesHemingway,Fitzgerald,EzraPound,E.E.Cummings,andmanyotherwriterswhomadeParisthecenteroftheirliteraryactivitiesinthe1920s.
BloomsburyGroup(布卢姆斯伯里团体)
BloomsburyGrouptakesitsnamefromthedistrictoftheBloomsburyareaofLondon,thecenterofitsactivitiesfrom1904toWorldWarII.ItincludedanEnglishgroupofartistsandscholars,of"Bohemian"disposition,suchasLyttonStrachey,VirginiaWoolf,LeonardWoolf,E.M.Forster,VitaSackville-West,RogerFry,CliveBell,andJohnMaynardKeynes.Thegroupbeganasasocialclique:
afewrecentCambridgegraduatesandtheirclosestfriendswouldassembleonThursdaynightsfordrinksandconversation.ItsmemberswerecommittedtoarejectionofwhattheyfeltwerethestricturesandtaboosofVictorianismonreligious,artistic,social,andsexualmatters.Theirworkdeeplyinfluencedliterature,aesthetics,criticism,andeconomicsaswellasmodernattitudestowardsfeminism,pacifism,andsexuality.
小说要素术语
Character----Anyrepresentationofanindividualbeingpresentedinadramaticornarrativeworkthroughextendeddramaticorverbalrepresentation.Thereadercaninterpretcharactersasendowedwithmoralanddispositionalqualitiesexpressed