旅游的社会影响外文翻译.docx

1、旅游的社会影响外文翻译外文翻译原文The Social Impacts Of TourismMaterial Source:http:/epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1117/1/fulltext.pdfAuthor:A. J. Haley,Tim Snaith,Graham MillerWithin tourism literature it has been widely-documented that urban tourism has been continually neglected as an area of research (Ashworth 1989), and c

2、onsequently remains devoid of a developed understanding or research base (Law 1993; Page 1995). One of the explanations for this is that the uniqueness of individual cities makes reliable comparisons difficult, with a sizeable portion of the literature centered on individual case studies. Thus, this

3、 study responds to the call for the development of valid and reliable studies supported by longitudinal and comparative data collection techniques. The authors feel that research into social impact assessment has jumped too quickly from description to modeling and there is need to conduct studies th

4、at will provide longitudinal and comparative data. It was felt that without an approach of this nature, any proposed understanding would merely add to the fragmented picture of urban tourism research. Hence, the purpose of this study is to identify and examine the attitudes of residents in Bath, UK

5、towards tourism development and the paper aims to establish a benchmark study for Bath, enabling future longitudinal and comparative analyses of host attitudes. It is also anticipated that future comparative analysis with other historic cities could establish a basis for theory development and the d

6、evelopment of flexible modeling tools regarding the social impacts of tourism on residents of historic and related cities in the United Kingdom.Tourism MarketingTourism Marketing means the tourism product or travel service providers in identifying the manufacturer on the basis of the needs of touris

7、ts, by identifying its target market and can provide the design of appropriate tourism products, services and projects to meet these market requirements process. Tourism Marketing integration of communication and dissemination of Focus.Tourism Brand Integrated Marketing is still the dominant form of

8、 tourism marketing.Tourism brand of integrated marketing, is the dominant form of tourism marketing, mainly the integration of tourism image as the core, to the image of the spread of the results of the tourism attraction of the drive to achieve tourism products to buy, to achieve the objective of t

9、ourism marketing.Green Tourism Victoria will be the brand of integrated marketing communication systems (TBIMC) from the actual point of view is divided into brand building, branding, brand communication, brand management in four steps.Tourism Marketing sub-Focus model is as a tourist marketing, eff

10、ective support structure.Focus mode, requested a breakdown of the tourism products in order to breakdown products, the corresponding segments of the market demand, through a separate group of channels to choose Focus Media, Focus transmitted to the final realization of an effective marketing segment

11、s.Brand Integrated Marketing Communication is based on the brand as the carrier, a large number of tourist information is compressed to form a pool, and to integrate all the brand products, to form a unified image of the structure, process.Tourism Marketing Focus Mode and Focus of the development tr

12、end,divided into the following areas:1.the mechanism of tourism product marketing - appealing to respond to and experience the process of pre-selling.2. the needs of different market segments.(1) the socio-economic variables into the tourism market.(2) traveling in the tourism market segmentation.(3

13、) the five main market leisure travel.3.attractiveness and packaging to create a sub-Focus Development.4.the spread of the audience appeal of.5.travel sales channels, audience fragmentation Social Impacts AnalysisThe literature has given tourism impact extensive treatment. The reason for this attent

14、ion is the inevitability that the industry induces impacts, both beneficial and adverse. Tourism is seen as an economic tool of development (Gee, Choy and Makens 1989) and many of the economic benefits associated can be measured objectively and serve as support for further development (Cohen 1972).

15、However, the social impacts appear to be somewhat more subjective and intangible. Over the past 25 years North American research has examined many different aspects related to residents perceptions of tourism development. Pizam (1978) suggested that heavy concentration has led to the emergence of ne

16、gative host attitudes. Rothman (1978) highlighted negative resident perceptions towards increased noise, litter, traffic, crime, over-crowding, and tourism induced price increases, although research findings also noted the perception of positive aspects of tourism development. These included improve

17、ments in local infrastructure (Belisle and Hoy 1980), increased employment opportunities (Milman and Pizam 1988; Rothman 1978), and increased recreational opportunities (Davis, Allen and Cosenza 1988). Other significant findings include the personal and demographic factors known to influence attitud

18、es and perceptions, such as distance of residence from the central tourist zone (Belisle and Hoy 1980), the influence of ones length of residence in the community (Liu and Var 1986) and age, as in the case of Bastias-Perez and Vars (1996) study in Darwin, Australia. The majority of research into res

19、idents perceptions of tourism development has addressed only small, rural, or resort-type communities. This has been the focus in the United States (Davis et al 1988; Liu and Var 1986; Milman and Pizam 1988; Perdue et al 1990; Pizam 1978; Rothman 1978; Thomason, Crompton and Kamp 1979) in Europe (Va

20、r, Kendall and Tarakcioglu 1985), and in the United Kingdom (Brougham and Butler 1981; Sheldon and Var 1984). While the research conducted has made a significant step towards better understanding of the relationship between positive and negative perceptions of tourism and support for specific touris

21、m-related policies, historically most of the research on the topic of residents perceptions has been atheoretical in nature (Ap 1990). The dominant theory to emerge to shape understanding has been social exchange theory, which concentrates on the extent to which residents receive something for the i

22、mposition the industry places upon them. Recent research on this subject in Ghana (Sirakaya, Teye and Sonmez 2002) shows that it is not simply the existence of an exchange that is important, but the nature and value of the exchange that influences attitudes and perceptions. Hence, traditional social

23、 exchange theory would hold that if someone is employed within the tourism industry then that person would be expected to hold a positive attitude towards the industry. However, if the experience of employment within the industry was negative, then this would shape his/her attitude and result in a n

24、egative attitude towards the industry as a whole.In addition to the lack of underpinning theory, the choice of different methodologies in examining perceptions has resulted in a fragmented rather than coherent view. Sampling methodology used in the studies varies and sample sizes vary considerably.

25、Descriptions provided of the sampling plans have been generally limited, and the information provided does not allow readers to make judgments about the appropriateness and adequacy of the sampling plan. The apparent lack of attention to sampling methodology calls into question the validity of the r

26、eported findings, and future studies should avoid this problem. The weakest aspect of the data characteristics of the early research is that few studies (Sethna and Richmond 1978) report any tests of the reliability and validity of the measures used in the survey instrument. Babbie (1986) highlighte

27、d the importance of reliable and valid measures to sound research, and more explicit consideration by researchers regarding this matter is needed in the future. The use of statistical techniques to analyze residents perceptions data also varies considerably from study to study, and thus makes compar

28、isons between them difficult. As a positive exception, Teye, Sonmez and Sirakaya (2002) employ the same methodology in two destinations to enable comparison across towns with differing histories of tourism development. The multivariate techniques most commonly used have been regression analysis, ana

29、lysis of variance and factor analysis (Perdue, Long and Allen 1990). The techniques used in the studies provide viable information about the array of techniques that have been employed and may possibly lead researchers to consider other alternative techniques in the future. Although not all studies

30、provided justification for the techniques used, Belisle and Hoy (1980), Brougham and Butler (1981), Sheldon and Var (1984), Liu and Var (1986), Teye, Sonmez and Sirakaya (2002) provided clear and adequate explanations of the techniques used. The fragmentation of this body of research has been added

31、to by researchers from a number of disciplines examining residents perceptions. These disciplines include anthropology (Farrell 1977; Smith 1977), economics (Archer 1973; Liu 1979; Peters 1969), geography (Butler 1974; Keogh 1989; Murphy 1981), and sociology (Cohen 1978; de Kadt 1979; Turner and Ash

32、 1975). Consequently, there has been scant progress in developing conceptual frameworks. Studies also need to be considered within the context of the stage at which the discipline exists. Moncrief (1970) identified that the early stages of a discipline generally involve identification of the problem

33、s, establishment of priorities of need for research inquiry, description of major variables involved, and development of methodologies for conducting research. Reported findings are predominantly descriptive, and it could be said that the studies are indicative of a field of study that is still in its early stages of development.A