旅游的社会影响外文翻译.docx
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旅游的社会影响外文翻译
外文翻译
原文
TheSocialImpactsOfTourism
MaterialSource:
http:
//epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1117/1/fulltext.pdf
Author:
A.J.Haley,TimSnaith,GrahamMiller
Withintourismliteratureithasbeenwidely-documentedthaturbantourismhasbeencontinuallyneglectedasanareaofresearch(Ashworth1989),andconsequentlyremainsdevoidofadevelopedunderstandingorresearchbase(Law1993;Page1995).Oneoftheexplanationsforthisisthattheuniquenessofindividualcitiesmakesreliablecomparisonsdifficult,withasizeableportionoftheliteraturecenteredonindividualcasestudies.Thus,thisstudyrespondstothecallforthedevelopmentofvalidandreliablestudiessupportedbylongitudinalandcomparativedatacollectiontechniques.Theauthorsfeelthatresearchintosocialimpactassessmenthasjumpedtooquicklyfromdescriptiontomodelingandthereisneedtoconductstudiesthatwillprovidelongitudinalandcomparativedata.Itwasfeltthatwithoutanapproachofthisnature,anyproposedunderstandingwouldmerelyaddtothefragmentedpictureofurbantourismresearch.Hence,thepurposeofthisstudyistoidentifyandexaminetheattitudesofresidentsinBath,UKtowardstourismdevelopmentandthepaperaimstoestablishabenchmarkstudyforBath,enablingfuturelongitudinalandcomparativeanalysesofhostattitudes.ItisalsoanticipatedthatfuturecomparativeanalysiswithotherhistoriccitiescouldestablishabasisfortheorydevelopmentandthedevelopmentofflexiblemodelingtoolsregardingthesocialimpactsoftourismonresidentsofhistoricandrelatedcitiesintheUnitedKingdom.
TourismMarketing
TourismMarketingmeansthetourismproductortravelserviceprovidersinidentifyingthemanufactureronthebasisoftheneedsoftourists,byidentifyingitstargetmarketandcanprovidethedesignofappropriatetourismproducts,servicesandprojectstomeetthesemarketrequirementsprocess.TourismMarketingintegrationofcommunicationanddisseminationofFocus.
TourismBrandIntegratedMarketingisstillthedominantformoftourismmarketing.Tourismbrandofintegratedmarketing,isthedominantformoftourismmarketing,mainlytheintegrationoftourismimageasthecore,totheimageofthespreadoftheresultsofthetourismattractionofthedrivetoachievetourismproductstobuy,toachievetheobjectiveoftourismmarketing.
GreenTourismVictoriawillbethebrandofintegratedmarketingcommunicationsystems(TBIMC)fromtheactualpointofviewisdividedintobrandbuilding,branding,brandcommunication,brandmanagementinfoursteps.TourismMarketingsub-Focusmodelisasatouristmarketing,effectivesupportstructure.
Focusmode,requestedabreakdownofthetourismproductsinordertobreakdownproducts,thecorrespondingsegmentsofthemarketdemand,throughaseparategroupofchannelstochooseFocusMedia,Focustransmittedtothefinalrealizationofaneffectivemarketingsegments.
BrandIntegratedMarketingCommunicationisbasedonthebrandasthecarrier,alargenumberoftouristinformationiscompressedtoformapool,andtointegrateallthebrandproducts,toformaunifiedimageofthestructure,process.TourismMarketingFocusModeandFocusofthedevelopmenttrend,dividedintothefollowingareas:
1.themechanismoftourismproductmarketing-appealingtorespondtoandexperiencetheprocessofpre-selling.
2.theneedsofdifferentmarketsegments.
(1)thesocio-economicvariablesintothetourismmarket.
(2)travelinginthetourismmarketsegmentation.
(3)thefivemainmarketleisuretravel.
3.attractivenessandpackagingtocreateasub-FocusDevelopment.
4.thespreadoftheaudienceappealof.
5.travelsaleschannels,audiencefragmentation
SocialImpactsAnalysis
Theliteraturehasgiventourismimpactextensivetreatment.Thereasonforthisattentionistheinevitabilitythattheindustryinducesimpacts,bothbeneficialandadverse.Tourismisseenasaneconomictoolofdevelopment(Gee,ChoyandMakens1989)andmanyoftheeconomicbenefitsassociatedcanbemeasuredobjectivelyandserveassupportforfurtherdevelopment(Cohen1972).However,thesocialimpactsappeartobesomewhatmoresubjectiveandintangible.
Overthepast25yearsNorthAmericanresearchhasexaminedmanydifferentaspectsrelatedtoresidents'perceptionsoftourismdevelopment.Pizam(1978)suggestedthatheavyconcentrationhasledtotheemergenceofnegativehostattitudes.Rothman(1978)highlightednegativeresidentperceptionstowardsincreasednoise,litter,traffic,crime,over-crowding,andtourisminducedpriceincreases,althoughresearchfindingsalsonotedtheperceptionofpositiveaspectsoftourismdevelopment.Theseincludedimprovementsinlocalinfrastructure(BelisleandHoy1980),increasedemploymentopportunities(MilmanandPizam1988;Rothman1978),andincreasedrecreationalopportunities(Davis,AllenandCosenza1988).Othersignificantfindingsincludethepersonalanddemographicfactorsknowntoinfluenceattitudesandperceptions,suchasdistanceofresidencefromthecentraltouristzone(BelisleandHoy1980),theinfluenceofone'slengthofresidenceinthecommunity(LiuandVar1986)andage,asinthecaseofBastias-PerezandVar's(1996)studyinDarwin,Australia.
Themajorityofresearchintoresidents'perceptionsoftourismdevelopmenthasaddressedonlysmall,rural,orresort-typecommunities.ThishasbeenthefocusintheUnitedStates(Davisetal1988;LiuandVar1986;MilmanandPizam1988;Perdueetal1990;Pizam1978;Rothman1978;Thomason,CromptonandKamp1979)inEurope(Var,KendallandTarakcioglu1985),andintheUnitedKingdom(BroughamandButler1981;SheldonandVar1984).
Whiletheresearchconductedhasmadeasignificantsteptowardsbetterunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenpositiveandnegativeperceptionsoftourismandsupportforspecifictourism-relatedpolicies,historicallymostoftheresearchonthetopicofresidents'perceptionshasbeenatheoreticalinnature(Ap1990).Thedominanttheorytoemergetoshapeunderstandinghasbeensocialexchangetheory,whichconcentratesontheextenttowhichresidentsreceivesomethingfortheimpositiontheindustryplacesuponthem.
RecentresearchonthissubjectinGhana(Sirakaya,TeyeandSonmez2002)showsthatitisnotsimplytheexistenceofanexchangethatisimportant,butthenatureandvalueoftheexchangethatinfluencesattitudesandperceptions.Hence,traditionalsocialexchangetheorywouldholdthatifsomeoneisemployedwithinthetourismindustrythenthatpersonwouldbeexpectedtoholdapositiveattitudetowardstheindustry.However,iftheexperienceofemploymentwithintheindustrywasnegative,thenthiswouldshapehis/herattitudeandresultinanegativeattitudetowardstheindustryasawhole.
Inadditiontothelackofunderpinningtheory,thechoiceofdifferentmethodologiesinexaminingperceptionshasresultedinafragmentedratherthancoherentview.Samplingmethodologyusedinthestudiesvariesandsamplesizesvaryconsiderably.Descriptionsprovidedofthesamplingplanshavebeengenerallylimited,andtheinformationprovideddoesnotallowreaderstomakejudgmentsabouttheappropriatenessandadequacyofthesamplingplan.Theapparentlackofattentiontosamplingmethodologycallsintoquestionthevalidityofthereportedfindings,andfuturestudiesshouldavoidthisproblem.Theweakestaspectofthedatacharacteristicsoftheearlyresearchisthatfewstudies(SethnaandRichmond1978)reportanytestsofthereliabilityandvalidityofthemeasuresusedinthesurveyinstrument.Babbie(1986)highlightedtheimportanceofreliableandvalidmeasurestosoundresearch,andmoreexplicitconsiderationbyresearchersregardingthismatterisneededinthefuture.
Theuseofstatisticaltechniquestoanalyzeresidents'perceptionsdataalsovariesconsiderablyfromstudytostudy,andthusmakescomparisonsbetweenthemdifficult.Asapositiveexception,Teye,SonmezandSirakaya(2002)employthesamemethodologyintwodestinationstoenablecomparisonacrosstownswithdifferinghistoriesoftourismdevelopment.Themultivariatetechniquesmostcommonlyusedhavebeenregressionanalysis,analysisofvarianceandfactoranalysis(Perdue,LongandAllen1990).Thetechniquesusedinthestudiesprovideviableinformationaboutthearrayoftechniquesthathavebeenemployedandmaypossiblyleadresearcherstoconsiderotheralternativetechniquesinthefuture.Althoughnotallstudiesprovidedjustificationforthetechniquesused,BelisleandHoy(1980),BroughamandButler(1981),SheldonandVar(1984),LiuandVar(1986),Teye,SonmezandSirakaya(2002)providedclearandadequateexplanationsofthetechniquesused.Thefragmentationofthisbodyofresearchhasbeenaddedtobyresearchersfromanumberofdisciplinesexaminingresidents'perceptions.Thesedisciplinesincludeanthropology(Farrell1977;Smith1977),economics(Archer1973;Liu1979;Peters1969),geography(Butler1974;Keogh1989;Murphy1981),andsociology(Cohen1978;deKadt1979;TurnerandAsh1975).Consequently,therehasbeenscantprogressindevelopingconceptualframeworks.
Studiesalsoneedtobeconsideredwithinthecontextofthestageatwhichthedisciplineexists.Moncrief(1970)identifiedthattheearlystagesofadisciplinegenerallyinvolveidentificationoftheproblems,establishmentofprioritiesofneedforresearchinquiry,descriptionofmajorvariablesinvolved,anddevelopmentofmethodologiesforconductingresearch.Reportedfindingsarepredominantlydescriptive,anditcouldbesaidthatthestudiesareindicativeofafieldofstudythatisstillinitsearlystagesofdevelopment.
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