旅游的社会影响外文翻译.docx

旅游的社会影响外文翻译.docx

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旅游的社会影响外文翻译

外文翻译

原文

TheSocialImpactsOfTourism

MaterialSource:

http:

//epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1117/1/fulltext.pdf

Author:

A.J.Haley,TimSnaith,GrahamMiller

Withintourismliteratureithasbeenwidely-documentedthaturbantourismhasbeencontinuallyneglectedasanareaofresearch（Ashworth1989）,andconsequentlyremainsdevoidofadevelopedunderstandingorresearchbase（Law1993;Page1995）.Oneoftheexplanationsforthisisthattheuniquenessofindividualcitiesmakesreliablecomparisonsdifficult,withasizeableportionoftheliteraturecenteredonindividualcasestudies.Thus,thisstudyrespondstothecallforthedevelopmentofvalidandreliablestudiessupportedbylongitudinalandcomparativedatacollectiontechniques.Theauthorsfeelthatresearchintosocialimpactassessmenthasjumpedtooquicklyfromdescriptiontomodelingandthereisneedtoconductstudiesthatwillprovidelongitudinalandcomparativedata.Itwasfeltthatwithoutanapproachofthisnature,anyproposedunderstandingwouldmerelyaddtothefragmentedpictureofurbantourismresearch.Hence,thepurposeofthisstudyistoidentifyandexaminetheattitudesofresidentsinBath,UKtowardstourismdevelopmentandthepaperaimstoestablishabenchmarkstudyforBath,enablingfuturelongitudinalandcomparativeanalysesofhostattitudes.ItisalsoanticipatedthatfuturecomparativeanalysiswithotherhistoriccitiescouldestablishabasisfortheorydevelopmentandthedevelopmentofflexiblemodelingtoolsregardingthesocialimpactsoftourismonresidentsofhistoricandrelatedcitiesintheUnitedKingdom.

TourismMarketing

TourismMarketingmeansthetourismproductortravelserviceprovidersinidentifyingthemanufactureronthebasisoftheneedsoftourists,byidentifyingitstargetmarketandcanprovidethedesignofappropriatetourismproducts,servicesandprojectstomeetthesemarketrequirementsprocess.TourismMarketingintegrationofcommunicationanddisseminationofFocus.

TourismBrandIntegratedMarketingisstillthedominantformoftourismmarketing.Tourismbrandofintegratedmarketing,isthedominantformoftourismmarketing,mainlytheintegrationoftourismimageasthecore,totheimageofthespreadoftheresultsofthetourismattractionofthedrivetoachievetourismproductstobuy,toachievetheobjectiveoftourismmarketing.

GreenTourismVictoriawillbethebrandofintegratedmarketingcommunicationsystems（TBIMC）fromtheactualpointofviewisdividedintobrandbuilding,branding,brandcommunication,brandmanagementinfoursteps.TourismMarketingsub-Focusmodelisasatouristmarketing,effectivesupportstructure.

Focusmode,requestedabreakdownofthetourismproductsinordertobreakdownproducts,thecorrespondingsegmentsofthemarketdemand,throughaseparategroupofchannelstochooseFocusMedia,Focustransmittedtothefinalrealizationofaneffectivemarketingsegments.

BrandIntegratedMarketingCommunicationisbasedonthebrandasthecarrier,alargenumberoftouristinformationiscompressedtoformapool,andtointegrateallthebrandproducts,toformaunifiedimageofthestructure,process.TourismMarketingFocusModeandFocusofthedevelopmenttrend,dividedintothefollowingareas:

1.themechanismoftourismproductmarketing-appealingtorespondtoandexperiencetheprocessofpre-selling.

2.theneedsofdifferentmarketsegments.

（1）thesocio-economicvariablesintothetourismmarket.

（2）travelinginthetourismmarketsegmentation.

（3）thefivemainmarketleisuretravel.

3.attractivenessandpackagingtocreateasub-FocusDevelopment.

4.thespreadoftheaudienceappealof.

5.travelsaleschannels,audiencefragmentation

SocialImpactsAnalysis

Theliteraturehasgiventourismimpactextensivetreatment.Thereasonforthisattentionistheinevitabilitythattheindustryinducesimpacts,bothbeneficialandadverse.Tourismisseenasaneconomictoolofdevelopment（Gee,ChoyandMakens1989）andmanyoftheeconomicbenefitsassociatedcanbemeasuredobjectivelyandserveassupportforfurtherdevelopment（Cohen1972）.However,thesocialimpactsappeartobesomewhatmoresubjectiveandintangible.

Overthepast25yearsNorthAmericanresearchhasexaminedmanydifferentaspectsrelatedtoresidents'perceptionsoftourismdevelopment.Pizam（1978）suggestedthatheavyconcentrationhasledtotheemergenceofnegativehostattitudes.Rothman（1978）highlightednegativeresidentperceptionstowardsincreasednoise,litter,traffic,crime,over-crowding,andtourisminducedpriceincreases,althoughresearchfindingsalsonotedtheperceptionofpositiveaspectsoftourismdevelopment.Theseincludedimprovementsinlocalinfrastructure（BelisleandHoy1980）,increasedemploymentopportunities（MilmanandPizam1988;Rothman1978）,andincreasedrecreationalopportunities（Davis,AllenandCosenza1988）.Othersignificantfindingsincludethepersonalanddemographicfactorsknowntoinfluenceattitudesandperceptions,suchasdistanceofresidencefromthecentraltouristzone（BelisleandHoy1980）,theinfluenceofone'slengthofresidenceinthecommunity（LiuandVar1986）andage,asinthecaseofBastias-PerezandVar's（1996）studyinDarwin,Australia.

Themajorityofresearchintoresidents'perceptionsoftourismdevelopmenthasaddressedonlysmall,rural,orresort-typecommunities.ThishasbeenthefocusintheUnitedStates（Davisetal1988;LiuandVar1986;MilmanandPizam1988;Perdueetal1990;Pizam1978;Rothman1978;Thomason,CromptonandKamp1979）inEurope（Var,KendallandTarakcioglu1985）,andintheUnitedKingdom（BroughamandButler1981;SheldonandVar1984）.

Whiletheresearchconductedhasmadeasignificantsteptowardsbetterunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenpositiveandnegativeperceptionsoftourismandsupportforspecifictourism-relatedpolicies,historicallymostoftheresearchonthetopicofresidents'perceptionshasbeenatheoreticalinnature（Ap1990）.Thedominanttheorytoemergetoshapeunderstandinghasbeensocialexchangetheory,whichconcentratesontheextenttowhichresidentsreceivesomethingfortheimpositiontheindustryplacesuponthem.

RecentresearchonthissubjectinGhana（Sirakaya,TeyeandSonmez2002）showsthatitisnotsimplytheexistenceofanexchangethatisimportant,butthenatureandvalueoftheexchangethatinfluencesattitudesandperceptions.Hence,traditionalsocialexchangetheorywouldholdthatifsomeoneisemployedwithinthetourismindustrythenthatpersonwouldbeexpectedtoholdapositiveattitudetowardstheindustry.However,iftheexperienceofemploymentwithintheindustrywasnegative,thenthiswouldshapehis/herattitudeandresultinanegativeattitudetowardstheindustryasawhole.

Inadditiontothelackofunderpinningtheory,thechoiceofdifferentmethodologiesinexaminingperceptionshasresultedinafragmentedratherthancoherentview.Samplingmethodologyusedinthestudiesvariesandsamplesizesvaryconsiderably.Descriptionsprovidedofthesamplingplanshavebeengenerallylimited,andtheinformationprovideddoesnotallowreaderstomakejudgmentsabouttheappropriatenessandadequacyofthesamplingplan.Theapparentlackofattentiontosamplingmethodologycallsintoquestionthevalidityofthereportedfindings,andfuturestudiesshouldavoidthisproblem.Theweakestaspectofthedatacharacteristicsoftheearlyresearchisthatfewstudies（SethnaandRichmond1978）reportanytestsofthereliabilityandvalidityofthemeasuresusedinthesurveyinstrument.Babbie（1986）highlightedtheimportanceofreliableandvalidmeasurestosoundresearch,andmoreexplicitconsiderationbyresearchersregardingthismatterisneededinthefuture.

Theuseofstatisticaltechniquestoanalyzeresidents'perceptionsdataalsovariesconsiderablyfromstudytostudy,andthusmakescomparisonsbetweenthemdifficult.Asapositiveexception,Teye,SonmezandSirakaya（2002）employthesamemethodologyintwodestinationstoenablecomparisonacrosstownswithdifferinghistoriesoftourismdevelopment.Themultivariatetechniquesmostcommonlyusedhavebeenregressionanalysis,analysisofvarianceandfactoranalysis（Perdue,LongandAllen1990）.Thetechniquesusedinthestudiesprovideviableinformationaboutthearrayoftechniquesthathavebeenemployedandmaypossiblyleadresearcherstoconsiderotheralternativetechniquesinthefuture.Althoughnotallstudiesprovidedjustificationforthetechniquesused,BelisleandHoy（1980）,BroughamandButler（1981）,SheldonandVar（1984）,LiuandVar（1986）,Teye,SonmezandSirakaya（2002）providedclearandadequateexplanationsofthetechniquesused.Thefragmentationofthisbodyofresearchhasbeenaddedtobyresearchersfromanumberofdisciplinesexaminingresidents'perceptions.Thesedisciplinesincludeanthropology（Farrell1977;Smith1977）,economics（Archer1973;Liu1979;Peters1969）,geography（Butler1974;Keogh1989;Murphy1981）,andsociology（Cohen1978;deKadt1979;TurnerandAsh1975）.Consequently,therehasbeenscantprogressindevelopingconceptualframeworks.

Studiesalsoneedtobeconsideredwithinthecontextofthestageatwhichthedisciplineexists.Moncrief（1970）identifiedthattheearlystagesofadisciplinegenerallyinvolveidentificationoftheproblems,establishmentofprioritiesofneedforresearchinquiry,descriptionofmajorvariablesinvolved,anddevelopmentofmethodologiesforconductingresearch.Reportedfindingsarepredominantlydescriptive,anditcouldbesaidthatthestudiesareindicativeofafieldofstudythatisstillinitsearlystagesofdevelopment.

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