医护英语水平考试三级辅导.docx

1、医护英语水平考试三级辅导医护英语水平考试(三级)辅导METS LEVEL III UNIT ONE TEXT Prenatal Development Normally, it takes about 40 weeks for a single cell to grow up into a fully formed newborn baby. The long period takes on dramatic changes and is typically divided into three phases: the zygote phase, the embryo phase and th

2、e fetus phase. The zygote refers to the single-celled form of the new baby produced by fertilization. It travels along the mother?s fallopian tube and finally embeds itself into the uterus. At the same time, the zygote divides rapidly and turns into the multi-celled form, called blastula. After the

3、first three weeks of zygote phase follows the embryo phase. Dramatic changes and organ and system developments take place during this phase. The placenta comes into being and establishes the life-support system between the embryo and the mother. It is responsible for gas and blood supply and waste e

4、xcretion of the new baby. Meanwhile, part of the blastula differentiates into the amniotic sac, which contains amniotic fluid and the baby. The main part of embryo differentiates into three layers. The outside layer, called ectoderm, eventually becomes the spinal column, the nervous system and the s

5、kin. The middle layer, named mesoderm, later develops into muscle and bone. The inner layer, named endoderm, differentiates into the internal organs. During the fourth and fifth weeks after conception, heartbeat can be detected and limbs, hands or even fingers apparent. Vital organs, including brain

6、, lungs, stomach and kidneys are formed and start functioning in the following weeks. By the end of the ninth week, testes or ovaries are visible to tell the sex of the baby. thThe last phase of fetus begins from the 12 week after conception. The baby with fully developed organs and systems comes in

7、to the rapid growth period. Various thkinds of movements are detected by the 14 week, including swallow, digestion, urination and limb movements. In the later phase of fetus development, body size and weight are dramatically increased till birth. ththSensory perceptions are developed between the 13

8、and 29 weeks. The fetus is alert to the outside noise, sensitive to different tastes and able to initiate neurological reactions to stress hormones. Therefore, pregnant women often complain of the vigorous kicking by the fetus especially when the mothers themselves fall into distress. New Words pren

9、atal pri:neitl adj. 出生以前的 zygote zai?ut n. 合子，受精卵 1 embryo embri?u n.胚胎 amniotic fluid mni,tik flu:idn.羊水 fetus fi:t?s n.胎儿 ectoderm ekt?ud?:mn.外胚层 fertilization f?:tilaizei,?n n. 受精，受spinal column spainl k,l?m n.脊柱 孕 mesoderm mes?d?:m n.中胚层 fallopian tube f?l?upi?n tju:b n.输卵管 endoderm end?ud?:m n.

10、内胚层 embed imbed v.把嵌入，埋入 conception k?nsep,?n n.怀孕 uterus ju:t?r?s n.子宫 testis testis n. 睾丸 blastula blstjul? n.囊胚 ovary ?uv?ri n.卵巢 placenta pl?sent?n.胎盘 digestion did,est,?n n.消化 excretion ekskri: ,?nn. 排泄 urination ju?rinei,?n n.排尿 differentiate dif?ren,ieitv.分化 sensory perception sens?ri p?sep,?

11、n n.amniotic sac mni,tik sk n.羊膜囊 感知觉 NOTES OF THE TEXT 1. Normally, it takes about 40 weeks for a single cell to grow up into a fully formed newborn baby. 正常情况下，一个单细胞生长成发育完善的新生儿需要经历40周的时间。 本句句型可以归纳成: It takes + 时间 + 不定式。其中，it为形式主语，指代其后的不定式短语。我们在语言学习的过程中，应该做个有心人，不断地归纳一些句型，这样做，有利于提高自己的英语实际运用能力。 2. Th

12、e long period takes on dramatic changes and is typically divided into three phases: the zygote phase, the embryo phase and the fetus phase. 这段漫长的时期中会发生翻天覆地的变化，通常可划分成三个阶段：受精卵期、胚胎期和胎儿期。 先注意本句主语，The long period 再对照其中文表达方式，你可以发现英文思维方式的点点滴滴。说句实话，学英文的中国学生要写出这样的句子有一定难度。但是学习中多多注意这样的思维方式的观摩与学习，可以避免写出中国式英语，那种

13、对于英国人来说充满异国情的英文。 3. The fetus is alert to the outside noise, sensitive to different tastes and able to initiate neurological reactions to stress hormones. 他们对外界声响产生了警觉，对各种味道有了感应，并对各种应激激素开始产生神经反应。 注意搭配be alert to，我们在学习英文的过程中，要十分重视词组的积累。有一个说法很有道理：背单词不如背词组，这是因为，词组在构句过程中，能量更大。不要寄希望于临机一动，那是不可靠的。因此，不妨做个有心

14、人，边学习，边收集，日积月累，必有成效。 学完课文以后，可以试着把课文译文翻译成英文，再与课文对照，以加深对课文的理解和对语言点的掌握。 READING COMPREHENSION 1. The single-celled form of the new baby is called A Blastula B Zygote C Embryo 2 D Placenta 2. Which part is responsible for oxygen supply for the fetus? A Blastula B Zygote C Embryo D Placenta 3. How long d

15、oes it take the fertilized zygote to develop into a mature newborn? A 7 months B 8 months C 9 months D 10 months 4. The endoderm is the original form of the A Skin B Muscle C Organs D Spinal column 5. The lungs come into function at the rdA 2 week thB 4 week thC 6 week thD 12 week 6. How would fetus

16、 response to his mother?s depression? A He decreases its movements. B He increases its movements. C He reduces its growth. D He quickens its growth. ANSWERS 1B 2D. 3D. 4C. 5C. 6B. 阅读理解需要运用技巧，首先，学生要弄懂“定位”解题信息的方法，因为在定位答案过程中，这一方法可以起到关键作用。定位词（词组）指的是题干中与原文中某一词或词组相同、相似的词或词组。一般我们选择1-2个定位词，犹如XY坐标，这样做有利于准确定位

17、原文中的答案依据。例如，阅读理解第4题，我们可以选用endoderm和original作为定位词。因而，很快就可找到并确定原文中的答题依据为：The inner layer, named endoderm, differentiates into the internal organs. 因此答案为C。当然，我们所选的定位词最好具有某种排他性的意义，3 这样有利于迅速在文中找到答案依据。 具体来说，可分四步走： （1）浏览问题，确定定位词； （2）浏览文章，寻找定位词所在句，即答题依据； （3）精读答题依据，确定细节信息点； （4）浏览问题后各选项，确定文中的细节信息与哪一项相符。 TRANS

18、LATION OF THE TEXT 胚胎的生长发育 正常情况下，一个单细胞生长成发育完善的新生儿需要经历40周的时间。这段漫长的时期中会发生翻天覆地的变化，通常可划分成三个阶段：受精卵期、胚胎期和胎儿期。 受精卵指受精后产生的单细胞形式的新生儿，必须沿着母体的输卵管向外游走，最终到达并种植在子宫内。与此同时，受精卵快速分化，变成多细胞形式的囊胚。 完成受精的三个星期之后，受精卵即转化进入胚胎期。在此阶段，胚胎发生巨大变化，并且完成器官和系统的生长发育。胎盘出现后，胚胎和母体间建立起生命支持系统，为胚胎和胎儿输送血液和氧气，并清除排泄废物。与此同时，一部分囊胚分化成羊膜囊，包被胎儿和羊水。 胚

19、胎的主体部分分化成三个胚层。最外一层，称为外胚层，最终会演变成脊柱、神经系统和皮肤；中间一层，称为中胚层，今后将形成肌肉和骨骼；最内一层，称为内胚层，分化成内脏器官。 受精后的第四周到第五周，可检测到胎儿的心跳，并分辨出四肢、手臂甚至是手指的模样。之后的数周内，大脑、肺脏、胃、肾脏等重要生命器官开始成形并发挥功能。到第九周，可以根据显现的睾丸或卵巢来辨别胎儿的性别。 最后一个阶段，即胎儿期，从怀孕12周开始。这个阶段中，胎儿的各个器官和系统进入快速发展期。14周时，可检测到胎儿的各种运动，包括吞咽、消化、排尿和肢体运动等。胎儿期的后半阶段直至出生，胎儿的体型和体重迅速增长。 胎儿的感知觉发育出

20、现在第13周至第29周。他们对外界声响产生了警觉，对各种味道有了感应，并对各种应激激素开始产生神经反应。因此，怀孕妇女常常抱怨腹中胎儿对自己拳打脚踢，自己在情绪低落时，这种感受尤其明显。 其实，对于METS一级的学生讲一点翻译，真正的意图并非是训练翻译技巧，培养翻译能力。我们希望通过翻译练习，一方面熟悉所教语言知识，另一方4 面，通过双语对比，我们有可能学到地道的英文思维方式。比如，我们对比下面的两个句子： He is a good runner. He runs well. 虽然意思差不多，第一句显然更为地道。记住：与中文表达方式差距比较大的句子往往是地道的英语表达方式。 正是出于这个目的，

21、我们主张医学生要学一点翻译技巧。 注意，翻译其实传达的应该是原文的意思，而不是原文的结构。如果我们严格地按照原文的结构进行翻译，很可能得到的是带有浓重翻译腔的译文，这样就达不到通过双语对比学习英语的目的。毕竟中文与英文是两种不一样的语言。 比如，课文中有这样一句： Therefore, pregnant women often complain of the vigorous kicking by the fetus especially when the mothers themselves fall into distress. 如果我们逐词翻译：因此，孕妇常常抱怨被胎儿猛踢，尤其是当穆青

22、情绪低落时。那么译文就不太流畅。其实，翻译时，可以根据中文的表达习惯，进行某种程度的“改写”，这样译文才能符合中文习惯。因此，我们在这里译成：因此，怀孕妇女常常抱怨腹中胎儿对自己拳打脚踢，自己在情绪低落时，这种感受尤其明显。 课文中还有一些句子的“改写”，也是基于这么个考虑。大家可以细心加以体会。 语法点滴 语法应试技巧 一般来说，METS考生已经接受过一定时间的基础英语语法的学习与训练。尽管如此，还是有相当多的考生，面对语法题一筹莫展。其中一个原因可能是不熟悉语法题解题方法。其实，命题老师在编写语法考题时，一定会在题目中自觉或不自觉地留下解题信息。抓住这些信息，无疑会大大提高考生的答题效率与

23、答题准确性。 要抓住解题信息，考生可采取“优选法”，即通过直观判断，运用相关语法知识，做出抉择。此时，即使题中有若干生词，或对题意不甚了解，也可不加理会。例如： By the end of this term I _ my diploma. A) shall have obtained B) shall obtain C) may have obtained D) ought to have obtained 题干中By the end of this term表明，只有现在或过去将来时态可以匹配。因此，A）为 答案。一般来说，时态的选择与时间状语有关，也就是说，时间状语构成所谓的解题信息。若

24、By the end of this term改为This term，则应选择B），因为this term表将来时间。此时，考生是否理解整句意思似乎并非解题关键，不明白diploma一词的意思也并不妨碍正确答题。 Exercise 5 1We _ with you for the time being. A. will stay B. will be staying C. would stay D. have stayed 2What _ you _ tomorrow morning? A. are/going to do B. are/doing C. are/done D. have/do

25、ne 3It _ Jane who helped me the other day. A. is B. was C. are D. were 4. Mother promised she _ me an English-Chinese dictionary. A. is buying B. will buy C. would buy D. has bought 5. It is getting late. It?s time we _. A. go B. went C. are going D. must go 6. He _ English for ten years by the time

26、 he takes the examination. A. will have been studying B. would have been studying C. will study D. studied The Key 1B 2A 3B 4C 5B 6A 1）写作辅导 到目前为止，我们在大学英语课程中学习了一些基本的英语句型，无疑，掌握这些句型，对于英文写作是很有帮助。但是，符合句型的句子也不一定是好6 的句子。下面我们要在三级辅导材料部分中，通过实例分析来讲解初学英语写作的人经常出现的一些问题。 请看下例： Yesterday Tom had his hand burnt, and

27、 he could not find his lecture notes anywhere. 这句句子有问题，但问题不在于语法或句型，而在于这句句子表达了两个联系不甚紧密的思想，给人一种莫名其妙的感觉，没有逻辑性。 注意下列规则： 用一句句子表达联系紧密的思想；用两句或更多的句子表达相关但联系不甚紧密的思想。 根据这条规则，我们可以修改上句如下： Unfortunately all day yesterday, Xiao Li not only had his hand burnt, but also lost his lecture notes. 说明：采用not onlybut also，

28、两个思想的关系就变得清楚了。同时增加unfortunately一词，起到了概括的作用。由此可见，掌握一定的写作技巧有多重要。 2) Writing Practice Write a paragraph on Nursing Home? based on the following key words (130 words): Long-term care facility, rehabilitation, the elderly, ADL, meet the needs of, nurse, dominent role, basic nursing care, malnutrition, de

29、hydration, chronic diseases, health maintianence, disease prevention, symptom management, self-care Answer: A nursing home is one kind of long-term care facilities in our society. It is a special place for the elderly and mainly focuses on rehabilitation care. In the nursing home, health care worker

30、s help the residents with activities of daily living and meet their physicial, emotional and social needs. Nursing homes operates a little different from other kinds of health care facilities. In a nursing home, it is the nurses who take thedominent role as most residnets there require basic nursing

31、 care rather than medical treatments. The major tasks for nurses may be dealing with malnutrition and dehydration rather than medication administration. Most elderly residents have more thanone chronic diseases. Therefore nurses in nursing homes play an important role in health maintainence and disease prevention. They are responsible for sumptom