3大学英语四级考试精讲班长对话讲义1.docx

1、3大学英语四级考试精讲班长对话讲义1大学英语四级考试精讲班第15讲讲义长对话1长对话是710分新题型中新增加的一种听力题型。长对话虽然也采用两人日常对话的形式，但是与短对话有很大区别：不仅字数大幅增多，在200-300字左右，而且在难度上也大大提高，与听力短文难度接近。总的来说，长对话涉及的内容更深入，人物态度、语气、情感变化更复杂，一般不能简单依赖某个关键词来判断整篇对话的含义。一人一句的短对话涉及的只是一个“点”，而长对话涉及的则是一个“面”。短对话的答案一般是“显而易见”的，而长对话有时更依赖于推理和判断。尽管如此，长对话必然有一个中心议题，中心议题正是该“面”的凝聚点，对话双方都是围绕

2、中心而展开话题。因此，对于长对话而言，做出正确选择的关键就是把握住对话的中心思想。不管长对话的长度有多长，难度有多大，它所考查的内容不外乎题材和题型两个方面。下面我们将对它所考查的题材和题型来一个“透视”。一、按题材分类（一）社会生活类该类题材主要指通过对话谈论的内容反映了某种社会现象，触及或提示了某个社会问题，并且引起了人们的关注。（二）人物故事及人物历史类该类题材主要指对话双方谈论到了自己或他人的生平事迹、以及重要或有趣的历史事件等。（三）科普知识类该类题材主要是指对话内容中涉及到自然现象（地理气候）、动植物的说明、科学现象（太空、环境、科技上的新发明、新发现，如计算机技术、医学发展）等。

3、（四）文化教育类该类题材主要是指对话中涉及到了教育制度、学校介绍、文化习俗、文化娱乐等。二、按题型分类（一）主旨题主要考查考生对谈话的主旨大意或所谈论话题的理解。在四级长对话听力中，常见的提问方式有：What are the two speakers talking about?What election are the speakers discussing?What are the speakers mainly discussing?Whats the main purpose of the mans trip?(二)推理题主要考查考生对文章主旨大意或重要细节的引申含义的理解。在四级长对

4、话听力中，常见的提问方式有：Why might looking at the exit sign help the woman?The woman trust the mechanic because_.What can we infer from the conversation?What is the relationship between the speakers?Where does the conversation take place?(三)细节题主要考查考生对文章的细节内容确切含义的理解。事实细节题是出现频率最高的一种题型。在四级长对话听力中，常见的提问方式有：What doe

5、s the librarian think of the topic the man is working on?If the man wants to switch his work time, what will his boss feel?How did the woman learn about the process she describes?Which of following did the woman not visit?Where can the man find the relevant magazine articles?Why didnt the man choose

6、 the evening class? 长对话命题规律一、答案是对话细节的再现这类命题在长对话中最为常见。一般说来，长对话中80%的题都是细节题。命题点常常是对话中所谈论的某个时间、地点、原因、事件等。如果在分析选项时就能猜测到提问可能涉及的细节，在听录音的时候特意去注意那些细节，及时做笔记，那么答对该类试题是没有多少难度的。二、答案是对话细节的同义转述这类命题也是细节题的一种，与前面提到的命题方式不同的是，这类命题难度相对较大一些，正确选项不再是对话中某个细节的再现，而是换了一种形式来表达，它们是对话中某个细节的同义转述。因此考生即使听到了对话中的某个细节，还得注意它的其他表达方式，比如近义

7、词转换、同义词转换、句型转换、句子否定表达与肯定表达的转换，等等。在四级听力长对话中，答案是对话细节的同义转述所占比例比细节再现更大一些。它们构成了四级听力长对话的命题重点。三、答案需要对细节进行推理判断或概括归纳这类试题又可分为两种题型：推理题和主旨题。推理题在长对话中所占比例较小，一套题中可能涉及一两道。推理题是相对较难的一种题型，需要考生对某个细节有深层次的理解。由于推理不是凭空进行，而是建立在细节基础上的合乎逻辑的判断，因此考生有必要捕捉对话的细节，找到与需要推理的相关部分，及时做笔记。主旨题在长对话中所占比例更少，有时只有一道甚至没有。命题常常要求考生判断对话谈论的话题、对话目的或对

8、话中谈到的主要问题等。主旨题实际上也是一种推理题，只不过涉及的范围更广、需要综合的细节更多。有时候需要把整个对话听完，不仅需要注意关键的细节信息，还要注意对话中的关联词语，因为它们连接整个对话，在结构上起了至关重要的作用。因此，与细节题相比，这类试题难度较大。关于此部分内容的举例我们会在后面提到。 长对话一、答题步骤长对话题中，考生在考场上可以直接接触的同样只有每个试题的四个选项，谈话内容与提问在录音中出现，因此考生拿到考卷后可以从分析选项入手，遵循以下三个步骤答题：第一步，扫描选项，猜测对话大意或谈论的话题，进一步猜测提问内容。选项扫描又可以分为横看和竖看两种。横看是横向比较，比较某一道题各

9、个选项相同以及不同的部分，以便在听原文的时候特意去听不同的部分；竖看是纵向比较，竖看其他各题选项的内容，进而猜测整篇文章可能谈到什么问题。如果说横看为了横向比较各个选项之间的细微差别，那么竖看则是各题之间的纵向比较，是把各个选项串成一个整体，由此来猜测整个文章的内容。横看和竖看相结合的方式对于解答主旨题和推理题尤其重要。在没有听原文之前我们只能通过几个题的选项来“串”对话，猜测对话内容。第二步，集中精力听对话，抓关键点（开头、结尾及与选项相关的信息），迅速记笔记。例如对话中出现的时间、地点、人名和数字等，考生在听音时尤其要注意做好笔记。听完原文后，再听提问，根据选项内容猜测，提问内容也可猜到八

10、九分。第三步，得出正确答案。根据提问内容，结合所做笔记，迅速做出正确的判断。二、答题技巧（一）主旨题概括的是解。由于主旨题考查的是全文的主旨或是谈论的话题，因此正确选项必定具有概括性而不是零散的细节性的东西。如果选项中出现比较抽象的概括性的词语，或者该选项能够包含其他几个选项的内容，那么该选项一般是正确答案。（二）细节题听到的是解或同义转述的是解。选项中如果出现时间、地点、人名和数字等，而对话中对这几个选项的内容又都曾提到过，那么考生在听音时尤其要注意做好笔记。如果听到的某个细节正好在选项中出现，那么该选项一般是正确答案。（三）推理题听到的不是解。与细节题不同，推理题的难度较大，正确选项一般不

11、会是对话中某个细节的再现，而是需要根据某个细节来进行推理。因此推理题的最重要的答题原则是：听到的不是解。尽管如此，并不是说细节不重要，因为文中细节正是我们推理的依据。推理题最重要的是要合乎逻辑，不能胡乱猜测。下面是各类题的解题技巧举例：例1 2005年10月710分新题型样题，Conversation One. （1）扫描选项：9. A Searching for reference material. B Watching a film of the 1930s. C Writing a course book. D Looking for a job in a movie studio.1

12、0. A Its too broad to cope with. C Its controversial. B Its a bit out-dated. D Its of little practical value.11. A At the end of the online catalogue. B At the Reference Desk. C In The New York Desk. D In the to Periodical Literature.（2）预测信息：9.四个选项都是动名短语，且为进行时态，猜测题干问正在进行的动作。10.四个选项主语都是it。猜测题干，还是和论文写

13、作有关。11.四个选项都是介词加地点，由catalogue, Reference, Readers Guide猜测题干问文章或材料的来源出处。（3）听原文，记笔记：W: Sir, youve been using the online catalogue for quite a while. Is there anything I can do to help you?M: Well, Ive got to write a paper about Hollywood in the 30s and 40s, and Im really snuggling. There are hundreds

14、of books, and I just dont know where to begin.W: Your topic sounds pretty big. Why dont you narrow it down to something like, uh, the history of the studios during that time?M: You know, I was thinking about doing that, but more than 30 books came up when I typed in “movie studios”.W: You could cut

15、that down even further by listing the specific years you want. Try adding “1930s” or “1940s” or maybe “Golden Age.”M: “Golden Age” is a good idea. Let me type that in Hey, look, just 6 books this time. Thats a lot better.W: oh another thing you might consider have you tried looking for any magazine

16、or newspaper articles?M: No, Ive only been searching for books.W: Well, you can look up magazine articles in the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature. And we do have the Los Angeles Times available over there. You might go through their indexes to see if theres anything you want.M: Okay. I think I

17、ll get started with these books and then Ill go over the magazines.W: If you need any help, Ill be over at the Reference Desk.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.大学英语四级考试精讲班第16讲讲义长对话2(4) 验证答案：9. What is the man doing? 选A。推理题。听录音时由男士话中几处关键信息可推测和论文写作有关。听问题，问男士正在做的事情，综合这

18、几个细节可推出男士是在为论文搜索参考材料。10. What does the librarian think of the topic the man is working on? 选A。细节题。听音时捕捉关键信息Your topic sounds pretty big。听问题，问图书管理员对男士的topic的看法，应该是太宽泛。Sounds pretty big相当于too broad。11. Where can the man find the relevant magazine articles? 选D。细节题。当听到in the Readers Guide to Periodical

19、Literature，做笔记。听问题，问男士在哪找到相关杂志的文章，D是细节再现。例2 2005年10月710分新题型样题，Conversation Two扫描选项：12A The benefits of strong business competition.B A proposal to lower the cost of production. C Complaints about the expense of modernization.D Suggestions concerning new business strategies.预测信息：四个选项都是名词短语，都和商业有关，猜测问

20、题可能和主题有关。而选项D最具有概括性，因此猜测D是答案。扫描选项：13A It costs much more than its worth.B It should be brought up-to-date.C It calls for immediate repairs.D It can still be used for a long time.预测信息：四个选项主语都是it，“花费更高的代价”、“应该更新”、“需要修理”以及“仍然可用”。联系上一题，猜测it可能指机器、设备。扫描选项：14A The personnel manager should be fired for inef

21、ficiency.B A few engineers should be employed to modernze the factory.C The entire staff should be retrained.D Better-educated employees should be promoted.预测信息：四个选项的主语“人事经理”、“工程师”、“全体员工”以及“雇员”属于公司从事方面的。猜测问题可能和公司的人员方面有关。扫描选项：15A Their competitors have long been advertising on TV.B TV commercials are

22、 less expensive.C Advertising in newspapers alone is not sufficient.D TV commercials attract more investments.预测信息：四个选项都和电视、商业、广告有关。推测问题和公司的广告策略有关。且C为唯一否定的选项，先猜测C是答案。听原文，记笔记：W: Hello. Gary. Howre you?M: Fine! And yourself?W: Cant complain. Did you have time to look at my proposal?M: No, not really.

23、Can we go over it now?W: Sure. Ive been trying to come up with some new production and advertising strategies. First of all, if we want to stay competitive, we need to modernize our factory. New equipment should have been installed long ago.M: How much will that cost?W: We have several options rangi

24、ng from one hundred thousand dollars all the way up to half a million.M: Ok. Well have to discuss these costs with finance.W: We should also consider human resources. Ive been talking to personnel as well as our staff at the factory.M: And whats the picture?W: Well probably have to hire a couple of

25、engineers to help us modernize the factory.M: What about advertising?W: Marketing has some interesting ideas for television commercials.M: TV? Isnt that a bit too expensive for us? Whats wrong with advertising in the papers, as usual?W: Quite frankly, its just not enough anymore. We need to be more

26、aggressive in order to keep ahead of our competitors.M: Will we be able to afford all this?W: Ill look into it, but I think higher costs will be justified. These investments will result in higher profits for our company.M: Well have to look at the figures more closely. Have finance draw up a budget

27、for these investments.W: All right. Ill see to it.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 验证答案：12What are the two speakers talking about?选D。听录音，注意对话人的问题，引出主题。开头部分提到与商业相关的词，做笔记。再听问题，问的果然和主题有关，联系proposal与strategies，选D“有关新的商业策略的建议”。13What does the woman say about the equip

28、ment of their factory?选B。听到New equipment，记下相关词installed。听问题，it果然指的是equipment，brought up-to-date相当于New equipment should have been installed。选B。14What does the woman suggest about human resources?选B。听录音，hire a couple of engineers，做笔记。听问题，果然是问人力资源方面的建议，选B。15Why does the woman suggest advertising on TV?

29、选C。听录音，选项关键词出现处记笔记：advertising in the papers，not enough，need to be more aggressive。信息整合：报纸广告是不够的。听问题，问女士建议在电视上做广告的原因。选C，not sufficient相当于not enough。大学英语四级考试精讲班第17讲讲义长对话考点1技巧总结：唯一否定的一般是答案。一、Exercise One 社会生活类：Conversation1:（1）扫描选项：1. A They are talking about the trip in U.S.s east coast.B They are ta

30、lking about the tour in LA.C They are talking about the trip in U.S.s west coast. D They are discussing Disneyland and Hollywood. 2. A It has too many people.B It has too few trees.C Its transportation.D It has too few tourists. 3.A Hollywood.B Disneyland.C San Francisco.D New Orleans.（2）预测信息：1.选项主语一致，谓语都是进行时态，猜测题干问他们正在进行的动作。A、B、C都是谈论旅行，只是旅行的地点不一样。2.四个选项主语都是“it”，由people，transportation及tourists猜测it指城市。A、B、D三个选项中都有too，猜测题干问该城市不好的方面。3.四个选项都是地点名称，猜测题干问地点。（3）听原文，记笔记：M: Hi, Sally. Welcome back. How was the West Coast?W: Terrific. I had a wonderful time. It was really nice to get aw