第08章关系代词与关系从句剖析.docx

1、第08章 关系代词与关系从句剖析 第八章 关系代词与关系从句 关系从句有三类：限定性关系从句（参见第72节至第77节），非限定性关系从句（参见第78节至第81节），连接性关系从句（参见第82节）。72限定性关系从句 这类从句修饰前面的名词，使其有别于其他同类名词。这类从句对清楚了解所修饰名词的特征是必不可少的：The man who told me this refused to give me his name告诉我这件事的那个人拒不说出他的姓名。who told me this是关系从句。如果省略，句中所提到的那个人是谁就不清楚了。要注意，在被修饰的名词和限定性关系从句之间不加逗号。限定性

2、关系从句常常跟在the+名词之后，但也可以用于a an+名词、不加the的复数名词、代词all，none，anybody， somebody等以及those之后。aan+名词、不带the的复数名词及somebodysomeonesome thing之后的从句有时只是间接地限定这些名词代词。在这种情况下名词代词常常是动词或介词的宾语：I met someone who said he knew you我碰到了说自己认识你的一个人。The book is about a girl who falls in love with 这本书是关于一个女孩，她爱上了有时这些从句由一个词或短语将它们与名词代词

3、分开：Theres a man here who wants这儿有个男人，他想要I saw something in the paper which would interest you我在报上看到了一些你会感兴趣的东西。但是，通常关系从句应该紧跟在它们修饰的名词或代词之后：The noise that he made woke everybody up 他弄出的响声把大家都吵醒了。She was annoyed by something that I had said 她为我说的某句话而不高兴。 73用于限定性关系从句的关系代词词形变化如下： 主格 宾格 所有格指代人 who whomwho

4、 whose指代物 which which whoseof which that that74指人的限定性关系从句 A主格用who或that，通常用who：The man who robbed you has been arrested抢劫你的那个人已经被逮捕了。The girls who serve in the shop are the owners daughters在店里接待顾客的那几个女孩都是店老板的女儿。Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。Would anyone who saw th

5、e accident please get in touch with the police？凡亲眼看见发生事故的人请与警方联系。但是在all，everyone，everybody，no one，nobody和those后面，也可用that替代who：Everyone whothat knew him liked him 认得他的人都喜欢他。Nobody whothat watched the match will ever forget it看了这场比赛的人都不会忘记它。B动词的宾语用whom，who或that。指人的关系代词的宾格形式是whom，但这被认为是十分正规的说法。在口语中经常使用

6、who和that来代替whom（that 比who更常用）；更加普遍的是索性把宾格关系代词省略：The man whom I saw told me to come back today我见到的那个人叫我今天返回。或：The man who I sawThe man that I sawThe man I saw（省略关系代词）The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay他雇用的那些女孩子们老是抱怨薪水太低。或：The girls who he employsThe girls that he employsT

7、he girls he employs（省略关系代词）C介词的宾语用whom或that。在正规的英语中介词通常位于关系代词之前，这时关系代词必须使用whom这一形式：the man to whom I spoke我跟说话的那个人在非正式的口语中经常把介词置于句末。这时用that来代替whom，但更加普遍的是索性省略关系代词：the man whowhom I spoke to the man that I spoke to the man I spoke to 同样：The man from whom I bought it told me to oil it卖给我这件东西的那个人嘱咐我给它上

8、点油。或：The man whothat I bought it fromThe man I bought it fromThe friend with whom I was travelling spoke French和我一起旅行的那个朋友讲法语。或：The friend whothat I was travelling withThe friend I was travelling withD所有格关系代词的所有格只有whose这一种形式：People whose rents have been raised can appeal 那些被增加了租金的人可以上诉。The film is a

9、bout a spy whose wife betrays him 这部电影是关于一个被自己妻子出卖的间谍的故事。 75指物的限定性关系从句 A主语用which或that，而which较正式：This is the picture whichthat cansed such a sensation 这就是那部轰动一时的电影。The stairs whichthat lead to the cellar are rather slippery通向地窖的楼梯相当滑。（另参见下面B。）B动词的宾语用which，that或干脆省略关系代词：The car whichthat I hired broke

10、 down或：我租用的那辆小汽车抛锚了。The car I hired一般在all，everything，little，much，none，no，由no构成的复合词及形容词的最高级形式之后很少使用which，而常用that。如果这个关系代词是动词的宾语时也可省略：All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs掉在地上的苹果都让猪吃了。This is the best hotel（that） I know这是我所知道的最好的饭店。C介词的宾语规范的结构是介词+which，但通常都把介词移到从句的末尾，用关系代词which，that或干脆省去关系代词：

11、The ladder on which I was standing began to slip我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。或：The ladder whichthat I was standing on began to slipThe ladder I was standing on began to slipD所有格可以用whose+从句这种结构，但通常是用with+短语这种结构来代替它：a house whose walls were made of glass用玻璃做墙的房子a house with glass walls（译文同上）E关系副词用when，where，why。注意：wh

12、en可以代替用于指时间的inon which： the year when（in which）he was born他出生的那一年the day when（=on which）they arrived他们到达的那一天where可以代替用于指地点的inat which：the hotelwhere（=inat which） they were staying他们当时住的旅店why可代替for which：The reason why he refused is他拒绝的理由是when，where和why有这种用法时叫做关系副词。 76分裂句：itbe+名词代词+限定性关系从句 It was Tom

13、 who helped us是汤姆帮助了我们。（不是比尔或杰克）It was Ann that I saw .我看见的是安。（不是玛丽）如上文那样宾语是专有名词时，that要比who更常用。用于指其他一切宾语时，that是正确的：Its the manager that we want to see我们要见的是经理。It was wine that we ordered我们要的是红葡萄酒。（不是啤酒）that常用于指非人称主语：Its speed that causes accidents，not bad roads造成车祸的常是超速行驶，而不是路况不好。77用不定式或分词替代关系从句的情况

14、A不定式可用于下列各情况：1在the firstsecond等词及the lastonly等词之后，有时还在最高级形式之后：the last man to leave the ship=the last man who leftleaves the ship最后离开船的那个人the only one to understand=the only one who understoodunderstands唯一理解的人注意：这里的动词不定式取代了主格代词+动词的结构。但它不能用来取代宾格代词+动词的结构，如the first man that we saw（我们看见的第一个人）中的从句就不能用动词

15、不定式来代替，因为the first man to see（首先要见的人）这句话表示的是截然不同的意思。但如果that是被动句的主语，如the first man that was seen（第一个被看见的人），则可用一个动词不定式的被动形式：the first man to be seen（第一个被看见的人）来代替这一从句。2句中含某种目的或许可的意义时：He has a lot of books to read他有许多书要读。（许多可以读或必须要读的书）She had something to do她有事要办。（一件她可以办或必须办的事）They need a garden to play

16、 in他们需要有一个可供玩耍的花园。（他们可以在里面玩耍的一个花园）注意：这里的动词不定式取代了动词+宾格关系代词的结构。有人可能会认为动词不定式的这两种用法会引起混乱，实际上这种情况很少出现，因为句中的其他部分会使动词不定式的含义变得很清楚。the first man to see这一短语本身可以理解成the first man that we must see（我们要见的第一个人，man是宾语）或the first man who saw（第一个见到某种别的人或物的人，man是主语），而当它成为句子的一部分时，其含义就显而易见了。The first man to see is Tom相当于

17、：The first man that we must see is Tom 我们首先要见的人是汤姆。但是：The first man to see me was Tom相当于：The first man who saw me was Tom 第一个看到我的人是汤姆。B现在分词可用于下列各种情况：1从句中的主要动词是进行时态时：People who arewere waiting for the bus often sheltersheltered in my doorway相当于：People waiting for the bus often sheltersheltered 等公共汽车的

18、人们常常在我家门口躲风避雨。2从句中动词表示一个习惯性或连续性的动作时：Passengers who traveltravelled in this bus buybought their tickets in books相当于：Passengers travelling乘这路公共汽车的乘客买订成小本的车票。Boys who attendattended this school havehad to wear uniform相当于：Boys attending在这个学校就学的男生必须穿校服。a law which forbidsforbade the import=a law forbiddi

19、ng the import一条禁止进口的法律a notice which warnswarned people=a notice warning people一张警告民众的通告an advertisement which urgesurged=an advertisement urging一条鼓励（人们）的广告同样：a petition asking一份要求的请愿书a letter orderingdemandingtelling一封命令要求通知的信a placard protesting一块抗议的标语牌placards protesting一些抗议的标语牌3从句中的主要动词表示一种愿望，即句

20、中动词是wish，desire， want，hope等（但不是like）时：people who wishwished to go on the tour=people wishing to go on the tour希望参加这次旅游的人fans who hopehoped for a glimpse of the star=fans hoping for a glimpse of the star希望看一眼这位明星的影迷4含有上述动词之一或者含有表示知道、考虑的任何动词（例如know，think，believe，expect）的非限定性关系从句（参见下面第78节），也同样可以由一个分词短语

21、来代替：Peter，who thought the journey would take two days，said相当于：Peter，thinking the journey would take two days，said彼得认为旅行需要两天时间，他说Tom，who expected to be paid the following week，offered相当于：Tom，expecting to be paid the following week，offered汤姆预计在下周能得到付款，他提出Bill，who wanted to make an impression on Ann，to

22、ok her to相当于：Bill，wanting to make an impression on Ann，took her to比尔想给安留下一个好印象，他带她到 78非限定性关系从句 A非限定性关系从句位于确定的名词之后。因此它对这类名词不作限定性描述，仅对该词作进一步说明作为补充而已。它不同于限定性关系从句，在句中并非必不可少，即使省略也不会引起意义上的混乱。它不同于限定性关系从句之处还在于它与被说明的名词之间用逗号隔开。非限定性关系从句中的关系代词绝对不能省略。这种句子结构相当正规，在书面语中用得比口语中多。B用于非限定性关系从句中的关系代词： 主格 宾格 所有格指代人 who wh

23、omwho whose指代物 which which whoseof which 79指人的非限定性关系从句 A主语只能用who。注意逗号：My neighbour，who is very pessimistic，says there will be no apples this year我的邻居极为悲观，他说今年苹果将不会有收成。Peter，who had been driving all day，suggested stopping at the next town彼得开了整整一天车，他建议在下一个城镇停留。这一类紧接在句子的主语之后的从句主要见于书面英语。在口语里常常这么说：My nei

24、ghbour is very pessimistic and says 我的邻居很悲观，并说Peter had been driving all day，soand he suggested 彼得开了整整一天车，因此他建议但位于句中较后部分的从句，即在主要动词的宾语之后的从句，在口语中是相当普遍的：Ive invited Ann，who lives in the next flat 我已经邀请了安，她就住在隔壁的套房里。从句跟在介词+名词之后也较为普遍：I passed the letter to Peter，who was sitting beside me 我把信递给了彼得，他就坐在我旁边

25、。B动词的宾语用whom，who。这类宾格代词在句中不能省略。尽管有时在日常口语中用who作宾格关系代词，但正确的形式应是whom：Peter，whom everyone suspected，turned out to be innocent彼得，大家都怀疑他，结果证明是无罪的。如上所示，在这个位置的非限定性关系从句在口语中是不常用的。通常很可能这么说：Everyone suspected Peter，but he turned out to be innocent大家都怀疑彼得，但结果证明他是无罪的。但在口语中常见到非限定性关系从句出现在句中较后的位置，即在主要动词的宾语之后或介词+名词之后

26、：She wanted Tom，whom she liked，as a partner；but she got Jack，whom she didnt like.她想要她所喜欢的汤姆作为伴侣，可是却得到了她所不喜欢的杰克。She introduced me to her husband，whom I hadnt met before她把我介绍给她丈夫，我以前没见过他。C 介词的宾语用whom。这个代词在句中不能省略，介词常常位于它之前：Mr Jones，for whom I was working，was very generous about overtime payments琼斯先生，我当

27、时给干活的那位，常是很慷慨地付给加班加点的报酬。然而把介词移到从句之后也是可以的。这在口语中是非常普遍的，此时who往往取代whom：Mr Jones，who/whom I was working for，如果从句中含有一个表示时间或地点的短语，该短语要留在从句之末：Peter，with whom I played tennis on Sundays，was fitter than me 彼得，星期天我常跟打网球的那位，身体比我健康。这个句子可改为：Peter，who/whom I played tennis with on Sundays，was fitter than meD 所有格 用

28、whose。Ann，whose children are at school all day，is trying to get a job安的孩子们整天都在学校，所以她在想办法找份工作。This is George，whose class you will be taking 这一位是乔治，你就要接他的课。在口语中，很可能这么说：Anns children are at school all day，so she This is GeorgeYou will be taking his class 80 all，both，few，most，several，some等+ofwhom/which

29、这种形式可以用于指人，也可用于指事物。见以下例句。括号中给出的是不那么正式的同义说法。Her sons，both of whom work abroad，ring her up every week她的两个儿子，都在国外工作，他们每周都给她打电话来。（Both her sons work abroad，but they ring her up every week）He went with a group of people，few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb他和一队人一起去了，其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。

30、（He went with a group of people；few of them）The buses，most of which were already full，were surrounded by an angry crowd公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。（st of the buses were full，and/but they were surrounded by an angrycrowd）I met the fruit-pickers，several of whom were university students我遇到了摘水果的人们，其中有几个人是大学生。（I met the fruit-pickers；several of them were）I picked up the apples，some of which were badly bruised我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。（I picked up the apples；some of them）The house was full of boys，ten of whom were his own grandchildren屋子里挤满了小男孩，其中有十个是他自己的孙辈。（The house was full o