1、实用文体翻译实用文体翻译期末整理 根据老师PPT整理而成 供学弟学妹们复习使用一、 翻译标准1、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则2、直译与意译重点难点:A,He had the agility of a man half his age.他像岁数比他小一半的人那样敏捷。B,Every dog has its day.人人皆有得意之日。C,Cast pearls before swine. 对牛弹琴D,They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们拼命逃跑,连吃奶的力气都用上了。二、 英汉差别1、真朋友&假朋友2、转换:译者将大脑
2、中分析好的语言材料具有原语深层结构形式的一串词语转换为具有译语深层结构的一串词语。 3、重构:将已经转换为译语深层结构的一串词语,为着符合译语惯用的表层结构形式、更好地表达原文内容、更好地体现原文功能与风格的目标,重新排列、连接或删除。4、英汉差异句子扩展模式中:句首开放性和句尾封闭性 英:句首封闭性,句尾开放性形合和意合中:意合 英:形合5、“核心句分析法”,即把英语复杂句分解为语义相对完整的只包含单个主谓框架(即只包含一个谓语动词)的多个句子核心句,分析各个核心句间的语义逻辑关系,然后用合乎译语表达习惯的排列方式对各核心句进行重构。按照汉语(一)先发生先说后发生后说,(二)先说事实,后说评
3、价,(三)先说因后说果(以及先说条件后说推断、先说手段后说目的、先说反面后说正面等)的原则,并使用适当的省略、重复、代称等,把核心句翻译成汉语。重点难点:A,阴(the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world)B,a broken record of argument陈词滥调我们已按很低价格向你们报盘。We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.C,相声=cross talk=comic dialogueD,鱼米之乡=land of fish and rice=
4、land of milk and honeyE,eat ones words承认错误The sea refuses no rivers. 贪得无厌blue wool高级羊毛extended family大家庭jelly built project豆腐渣工程drink like a fish牛饮F,We never meet without a parting. 有聚就有散G,We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height.我们起飞了,飞过城市,慢慢飞高。H,They are striving for the ideal w
5、hich is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.这是每位中国人都珍视的理想。在过去,许多中国人为之奉献了自己的生命,如今,他们正为实现这个理想而努力奋斗着。三、 翻译技巧1、加注(annotation)A.音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短,可采用文中注释,也可采用脚注,还可二者合用。B.直译加注指直译原文,并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短,既可采用文中注释,也可采用脚注,还可二者合用。2、释义(paraphra
6、se)是指舍弃原文中的具体形象,直接解释出原文的意思。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语(如成语、典故)时,如果直译不能使译入语读者明白意思,而加注又使译文太噜嗦,并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时,可采用释义法。它既可使译文简洁明了,又不损害对原文信息的传达。例如: as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊大醉3、归化(domestication)归化翻译法常用于处理某些英语成语、典故、形象词语等一类文化色彩较浓的表达方式。如:as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 Its not easy to become a member of that club-they want pe
7、ople who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick and Harry.要加入那个俱乐部并非易事-他们只吸收手头阔绰的人,而不是张三、李四、王五。4、异化(foreignization)译者尽可能不去打扰作者,使得读者向作者靠拢,力争采用相应于源语的表达方法,再现原作的作风特点与文化气味。5、增词(amplification) 一、为了语法上的需要:量词(The sun rose thinly from the sea.一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。)时态(I had imagined it to be merely a
8、gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. 原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示,但是现在看来,这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道,来断定是不是自己生的。)单复数(The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。)省略句(She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too.她吃得很少;她厌恶食物,我觉得她也厌恶生活。)二、为了意义上的需要,增加合适的动词、形容词
9、或副词,使译文意思明确。如:人和动物不同。Man is different from other animals增加适当的名词,使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。例如:darkness 漆黑一团6、减词(omission) 减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。我们必须培养分析问题和解决问题的能力。We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.Come if you like.高兴就来。7、转换(conversion)一、词类转换:词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换
10、成另一词类。(1) It is bad manners to blow your nose at table. 进餐时擤鼻子颇为不雅。二、句子成分转换(主语转换为宾语,宾语转换为主语)Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak. 她还没有完全失去镇静,一时却又找不出话可说。三、表达方式转换Is there a special rate by the month?Yes, there is a 10% discount.按月计算有什么优惠
11、吗?有,可以打9 折。She has been a widow only for six months.她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。四、自然语序、倒装语序和其他成分转换英语中使用倒装语序,主要是为了加强语气、突出重点、平衡句子结构等;而汉语中使用倒装语序相对较少,所以英译汉时,常常得将倒装语序转换为自然语序。例如:(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。插入成分语序的装换There are, to be exact, only two choices.准确地说,只有两种选择。五、主动式与被动式转换六、分句转换分句转换是指一种英语分句翻译成汉语时转换成另一种分句,例如:(定语从句-条
12、件状语从句)(1) They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people, for they knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.他们觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多,因为他们知道,如果黑人侵犯的是黑人,白人警察便从来不认真搜捕。7、切分(division)8、反译法(negation)英语正面表达这里指的是不带否定词no,
13、not , never 否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less 等的句子,汉语正面表达则是指不带“不”、“没”、“非”、“未”、 “否”、“无”、 “莫”、“勿”、“别”等否定词语的句子Wet paint! 油漆未干!TIPS:With unemployment rate high, the dollar value low and the stock market in distress, the economy problem will be the Presidents sternest trial.英语较少使用范围词,rate, value 和p
14、roblem 都应该去掉。重点难点:A,Oval Office 椭圆形办公室(美国白宫总统办公室)B,拆了东墙补西墙。To rob Peter to pay Paul.C,lead a dogs life 过着牛马一样的生活kill the goose that lays the golden eggs杀鸡取卵talk horse 吹牛D,I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as through it had been beaten with wires.我软得像一团棉花,脊背疼痛得好像被钢丝抽打过一样。E,Mr. Kingsley and his R
15、ed Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。F,他告诉父亲,他第二天该起得早。He told his father, “I shall get up earlier tomorrow.”G,任何新生事物的成长都要进过艰难曲折。New things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow.H,一到新加坡,我的朋友就在机场等着接我。On arriving at Singapore, I found my friend waiting for me at the airport.四、 广告文体翻译广告制作的五个重要追求明确的主题(idea)深刻的印象(immediate impact)生动的趣味(interest)完满的信息(information)强烈的推动力(impulsion)(1). Lexical features(词汇特征)1) 广告语言一般遵循KISS原则:Keep it short and sweet.2) 常用的正面评价词汇(2). Syntax features(句
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