中国文化典籍英译笔记.docx

1、中国文化典籍英译笔记中国文化典籍英译 笔记国学的概念和定义国学4要点（规模）：考据之学辞章之学义理之学经世之学七略（西汉，刘向、刘歆父子发端；把中国图书分为六大类，三十八小类）六艺略：诗；书；礼；易；乐；春秋；论语孝经；小学诸子略：儒；道；阴阳；法；名；墨；纵横；杂；弄；小说家诗赋略：屈赋；陆赋；荀赋；杂赋；歌诗兵书略：兵权谋；兵形势；兵阴阳；兵技巧数术略：天问；历谱；五行；杂占；形法方技略：医经；医方；房中；神仙清四库全书书目阐明国学分类经史子集。四类第一讲：上古神话myth神话:山海经Book of Mountains and Seas楚辞屈原庄子盘古开天辟地；盘古化生万物；夸父追日；羿射

2、九日；精卫填海；女娲造人女娲补天Nuwa Mends the Sky始见于山海经，较完整成形于汉淮南王刘安等人编撰的淮南子Writings of Prince Huainan蚩尤轶闻南朝梁人任昉所撰述异记Strange Accounts第二讲：先秦寓言寓言fable；寓意moral寓言短小精悍、生动有趣、常以其耐人寻味之故事，借入木三分之讥讽，寓社会人生之哲理。古希腊伊索寓言；法国拉封丹寓言；俄国克雷洛夫寓言中国寓言始于先秦。画蛇添足The Man Who Draws a Snake and Adds Feet to It（载于西汉刘向的战国策Stratagem of the Warring

3、States）杞人忧天见于列子天瑞吕梁丈夫庄子Zhuang Zi借游戏波浪的水中高手和孔子的对话，解释了何谓“故、性、命”第三讲：诗经风雅中国第一部诗歌总集诗经Book of Songs/ Book of Odes记录了周初到春秋中叶500多年流传于中原等地的诗歌305首“毛诗”诗六艺：风雅颂兴比赋风雅颂是诗歌分类；兴比赋是创作方法。十五国风；大小雅；关雎属于周南：通过自然界鸟类的求偶行为表达了人类对美好爱情和幸福婚姻的向往与赞美。后来演变为对于后姬之德的歌颂。君子于役属王风：农夫之妻在丈夫被迫外出服役久久不归，时时借助家禽家畜的归来表达了盼郎归的动人情感。P55硕鼠魏风借助农人对于老鼠的诅咒

4、，表现了对于剥削者的牙呢和追求新生活的愿望。静女邶风写青年男女的欢乐爱情；第四讲楚辞悲歌P69楚辞Elegies of Chu是继中国第一部诗歌总集诗经之后，中国文学史上出现的又一辉煌诗集。楚辞以春秋战国以来在南方江河流域兴盛起来的楚国地方文化为根基而生成的新诗体。楚辞采用比较松散而自由伸展的句式。内容上描写楚地江湖山川和人情风俗习惯，飘洒奇丽。作者：屈原战国时楚国没落贵族。代表作离骚Grief of Parting九章Nine Elegies九歌Nine Odes屈原是第一个以个人名义写诗并流芳千古的大诗人。第五讲道德之宗P83先秦诸子九大流派：儒Confucianism;墨Mohism;道

5、Taoism;法Legalism;名Logicians;农Agriculturists;杂Eclectics;阴阳Yin-Yang School;纵横Diplomatists老子道德经The Way and Its Power；又名老子Lao Zi第六讲庄周论道7.儒家confucianism论语The Analects孟子Mencius大学The Great Learning中庸Doctrine of the Mean六艺：礼乐射御书数天命decree8.人性探源P115中国哲学关于人性的思考始于先秦。孔子首提”性相近，习相远“；在蒙学课本三字经中扩展为“人之初，性本善”的命题，作为启蒙教育

6、的开端。孟子则提出人有”四端“说而力主性善论。荀子性恶论，倡导”化性起伪“；告子持亦善亦恶说。孟子四端说：恻隐之心根本；羞恶之心；辞让之心；是非之心荀子,战国时期儒家著名学者，主张人性恶，”其善者伪也“。著有性恶Man Is Evil by Nature.福乐智慧Kutadgu Bilig/Wisdom of Royal Glory11C维吾尔族哲学宗教经典，古典长诗。汉人称之为帝王礼范，突厥人称之为福乐智慧9.名家论坛名家Logicians是中国战国时期颇具特色的学派，以名实关系和论辩为主体，讨论逻辑和语言哲学，使中国哲学有了一条极具个性特色的分析思路。公孙龙为代表。白马论名实论Discou

7、rse onName and Actuality荀子还曾对正名问题做出了系统的总结和创造。正名Rectification of Names10.兵家谋略P137兵书的经典是春秋末年齐国人孙武所著的13篇孙子兵法Sun Zi: The Art of War比西方兵家经典克劳塞维兹Clausewitz的战争论On War早2000多年。11.史学绝唱最早的中国史书是尚书Book of History左丘明：我国第一部记事较详的编年体史书：左传Zuo Qiumings Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals国语Sayings of the States西

8、汉刘向战国策Stratagem of the Warring States战国游说之士的策略和言论。纪传体通史司马迁史记(原名太史公书) Records of the Historian成书于汉武帝时期记述了传说中的黄帝至汉武帝初年历时3000余年的历史。功绩：创立了一种完备的史学体裁。史记列本纪12篇以记帝王事迹和重大事件；世家30篇技术诸侯诸王活动；列传70记载管理、名人以及平民的活动。书8篇记载历代天文地理和典章制度；10篇表格事实史料“四维”：礼义廉耻为治国之纲。12.文学传记Literary biography魏晋时期玄学(Metaphysics)盛行，自然主义(Naturalism

9、)之风大兴，促进了人的觉悟和文的醒悟，正好有产生这一文学独特样式的文化氛围之有利局面的行程。于是，文学传记乃大兴。东晋陶渊明自传性质的五柳先生传借助古人言语与古代联想喻其高洁品性，以便抒发其超然于世外的人生理想。桃花源记充满乌托邦理想色彩，代表了中国农业文明的社会理想和以诗酒精神抒写田园风光的田园诗境界。魏晋阮籍竹林七贤大人先生传开完全虚拟的文学传记之先河。其超然于物外的道家思想。大人先生，原型是苏门山隐士孙登。千字文嵇琴阮箫P16913.文心文论文论大兴文必秦汉为盛唐“文以载道”开了先河曹丕“文以气为主”典论论文(Historical Allusions and Essays)开创了文体论和

10、文气论的先河；晚年的曹丕，在联想到权力可以世袭而文章的做法难以遗传的时候，甚至有一丝忏悔和焦虑，所谓“建安风骨”，乃寓于期间。汉魏以来，玄学大兴，前有司马迁的“发奋著述”说，淮南子的形神气“一”论，董仲舒“天人感应”论文心雕龙14.盛唐诗歌唐诗从古诗（Poetry in Pre-Tang Style）;民歌(folk songs);骈文(rhymed prose)寻求节俭，推陈出新留下诗5万首诗仙李白浪漫主义讴歌祖国大好河山诗圣杜甫现实主义表达劳动人民心愿山水田园诗人(pastoral poet):王维、孟浩然边塞诗人(frontier poet)高适、岑参唐诗三百首清孙洙(300 Tang

11、Poems)律诗（eight-lined poetry）王维以佛教出世精神为诱导，表现了超然于世外，寄情于山水，而又终归眷恋人生的禅宗诗人(Zen poet)风范。绝句(Four-lined Poetry)15.诗品诗话诗论唐司空图诗品；皎然诗式宋严羽沧浪诗话明王冀德曲律清叶斐原诗诗大序Preface to the Book of Odes成书于汉代。司空图诗品The Realms of Poetry16.唐宋散文兰亭序集A Sketch of the Gathering at Orchid Arbour欧阳修醉翁亭记The Old Drunkards Arbour范仲淹岳阳楼记The Sto

12、ry of Yoyang Tower17.书谱书论孙过庭书法家+书论家书谱On the Fine Art of Chinese Calligraphy18.禅宗智慧中国传统文化曾遇到过两次外来文化的挑战和接触。一东汉以来印度佛教Buddhism二近代欧美民主科学精神伴随着中国救亡图存的历史使命而近乎强行地输入南派六祖慧能大师创立禅宗Zen Buddhism禅分南北宗南主张顿悟是主流代表作坛经The Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch北主张渐悟偈子gathaP236关于哲学禅宗词汇佛经Buddhist sutra达摩、规范dharma19.两宋词章

13、词（Ci Poems）本来是能够配乐的歌词，后逐渐脱离音乐而独见诸文字词牌名tune宋理学Neo-Confucianism婉约派subtle and concise豪放派powerful and free水调歌头Tune: Prelude to the Melody of Water词帝五代后主李煜虞美人20.元曲杂剧P2551279忽必烈灭南宋建立元帝国元政治文化特点：对中原汉人政治统治的加剧南北民族文化的又一次大融合废除封建科举制度（使仕途无望，转向民间文学和市井娱乐，在文学艺术创作中寻求文化心灵的寄托）元散曲(Qu Poetry)杂剧(Yuan Drama)或表现男女间情爱，或描写大自然

14、美景，或关心民众疾苦和社会问题或抒发文人的雅趣与隐逸精神南曲北曲昆曲元杂剧：叙事体到代言体；角色、演唱、对白、动作、道具。有了序幕和正文、题目和正名散曲：独立于剧本剧情之外的单独的诗歌作品；与唐诗宋词相比，元曲在已经上体现俚俗世俗。语言上多为口语方言。关汉卿：有丰富的舞台经验和非凡的创作才能。18种剧作只是其全部创作的1/3.代表作窦娥冤Injustice to Du E;又名六月雪Snow in Midsummer王实甫西厢记The Romance of the Western Bower21.明清小说明清逐渐形成了中国独有的章回小说chaptered novel with couplet

15、titles罗贯中历史小说三国演义Romance of Three Kingdoms施耐庵英雄传奇水浒传Outlaws of the Marsh吴承恩神话魔幻小说西游记Journey to the West曹雪芹家世悼亡之作红楼梦A Dream of Red Mansions老子著名译本汉学家理雅各(James Legge);水浒赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck)红楼梦霍克斯(David Hawkes)杨宪益夫妇22.翰墨丹青石涛（法名）中国绘画史上的奇才。晚年定居扬州，生活拮据，靠卖画为生，开中国艺术品商品化先河。著画语录Art of Painting中国历史上第一部系统而深刻的绘画美学著

16、作中国画分类山水始于晋宋的宗炳画山水序；成熟于宋郭熙林泉高致；大成于清石涛画语录人物花鸟23.历代书信古时，书指信件；信指信使书信连用始于晋书Book of Jin唐时普遍传书之人，称为“雁足”，“鸿雁”本于“鸿雁传说”24.文明演进游学欧美的爱国志士严复林纾翻译西方文学名著达尔文进化论Theory of Evolution魏源“器变道不变”中体西用（张之洞，梁漱溟）传统派Traditionalists洋务派Westernization Group维新派（Reformists）革命派Revolutionaries康有为又名康祖诒广东南海人；维新运动主要领导者；戊戌变法失败后，亡命海外；1895

17、“公车上书”；新学伪经考；孔子改制考；其思想经学（New Text School）和佛家思想。梁启超：康有为得力助手。广东新会人。著有变法通议；清代学术概论A Brief Intellectual History of Qing Dynasty（总结了中国清代二百余年的学术思想史）孙中山Sun Yat-sen 1866-1925怀天下为公之大志，首举国民革命之义旗。孙文学说Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary鲁迅：如果说中山先生是革命的先驱者，那么鲁迅先生便是中国的民族魂太极（ether）大道之行天下为公When the Great Tao prevails,

18、the whole world will work only for the public interests.物竞天择，适者生存the struggle for life of animals, natural selection, the survival the fittestt is not the strongest of the species that survive, but the one most responsive to change. - Charles Darwin物竞天择,适者生存。-查尔斯达尔文物竞天择适者生存Natural selection and surv

19、ival of the fittest.B本草纲目：Outline of Herb Medicine本草经集注Annotations to Emperor Shen Nongs Materia Medica泊秦淮Lying at Anchor on the Qinhuai River步辇图Imperial Carriage捕蛇者说The Story of the Snake-catcher博物志Records of Myriad ThingsC藏书Book of Holding茶经Book of Tea昌黎先生集Collected Works of Han Yu长恨歌Eternal Grief

20、长生殿Palace of Eternal Youth长相思Everlasting Love楚辞Elegies of Chu垂老别The Old Man Returns to War春秋Spring and Autumn Annals春秋繁露Spring and Autumn Studies雌木兰A Girl Named MulanD大藏经The Tripitaka in Chinese大明历Daming Calendar大清律Code of Great Qing大唐三藏圣教序Introduction to the Sacred Teachings of Monk Tripitaka of th

21、e Great Tang Dynasty大同书The Book of the Great Unity大学Great Learning大学衍义Interpretation of Great Learning大学中庸章句Commentary on the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean弟子规Pupils Rules and Disciplines典论论文Historical Allusions and Essays读通鉴论Thought and Question, Comments on History as a Mirror短歌行A Sho

22、rt Song多宝塔碑The Pagoda of Many Treasures多识录Comprehensive StudiesE阿房宫赋Ode to the Efang(Epang) Palace二十年目睹之怪现状Strange Events Seen in the Past Twenty Years二十一史弹词Ballad of Twenty-one DynastiesF法言Model Sayings焚书Book BuringG高僧传Biographies of Eminent Buddhist Monks告誓文A Pledge of Faith古文观止Anthology of Classi

23、c Prose官场现形记The Exposure of the Official World Bureaucrats归去来兮辞Come Away Home/ Lets Go Back国语Sayings of the StatesH海国图志Illustrated Records of the Maritime Nations汉宫秋Autumn in the Han Palace汉书History of the Han Dynasty红楼梦A Dream of Red Mansions the Red Chamber后赤壁赋The Second Trip to the Red Cliff后汉书Hi

24、story of the Later Han Dynasty华严经Avatamsaka-Sutra淮南子Writings of Prince Huainan浣纱The Girl Who Washes Silk黄帝内经The Yellow Emperors Classics of Internal Medicine黄书Yellow BookJ集史Collected Histories谏太宗十思疏Ten Points of Deliberation Recommended to Emperor Taizong将进酒An Exhortation金刚经Diamond Sutra金瓶梅Flowering

25、 Plum in a Golden Vase江南春Spring Comes to the South进学解The Scholars Apology晋书History of the Jin Dynasty警世通言Stories to Warn Men九歌Nine Odes九经Nine Classics九章Nine Elegies九章算术Mathematics in Nine SentinelsK孔子家语Sayings of the Confucian SchoolL兰亭序A Sketch of the Gathering at Orchid ArborThe Story of the Orchi

26、d PavilionThe Story of the Get-together at the OrchidTower乐Book of Music老子注Annotations to Lao Zi历代帝王图Portraits of the Emperors历代史表A Chronological Chart According to Dynasties礼记Book of Rites离骚Grief of Parting礼运Evolutions of Rites聊斋志异Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio六国论On Six Fallen States六经Six Class

27、ics六韬Six Tactics六学Six Teachings六艺Six Disciplines六月雪（窦娥冤）Sno in Midsummer六祖坛经Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch陋室铭Inscription on My HUmble Cottage吕氏春秋Lus Almanac论语The Analects论语集解义疏Exegesis of Collected Comments on the Analects论语孟子集注Collected Commentaries on The Analects and Mencius洛神赋图Goddess

28、 of the Luo River/ The Goddess of River LuoM脉经Classic on Pulse/ Treatise on the Pulse蒙古秘史The Secret History of the Mongols孟子Mencius梦溪笔谈Dream Pool Essay名实论Discourse on Name and Actuality名贤集Collected Better-Known Sayings墨辩Mohist Dialectians墨经Mohist Canon牡丹亭Peony Pavilion木兰诗The Song of Mu LanN南柯记The Southern Tributary State农桑辑要The Fundamentals of Agriculture and Sericulture农书Agriculture农政全书A Complete Treatise on Agriculture女史箴Admonitions of the Instruc