科技英语课后答案.docx

1、科技英语课后答案Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading1. Who is Bertrand Russell?Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his

2、 defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one typ

3、e of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians o

4、f the twentieth century.2. What is Russells Paradox?Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a mem

5、ber of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russells discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.Section C

6、 Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russells paradoxPart 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russells paradox on GottlobFreges system.Para. 2: Russells paradox dealt a heavy blow to Freges

7、attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic.Para. 3: An illustration of Russells paradox in terms of setsPara. 4: Contradiction found in the set.Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russells paradox on his system and inability to solve it.Part 3 (Paras. 6

8、-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russels paradoxPara. 6: Russells own response to the paradox with his theory of types.Para. 7: Zermelos solution to Russells paradoxPara. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics?Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence b

9、etween Russell and Frege on the paradoxVocabulary and Structure2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities (initial meaning before you rec

10、eive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of weak in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3) The resultin

11、g radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blowto one of his most impor

12、tant opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapores continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the worlds best in terms of tech

13、nical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in th

14、e same wayas described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices;

15、 in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a

16、 basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally

17、 become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace)3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a com

18、plete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a rubber sheet geometry topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether

19、expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it be

20、comes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computersin fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Such a device wou

21、ld be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermats Last Theorem is containe

22、d in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red.5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using

23、 Bayess theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A 3 percent margin of error means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach t

24、his level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement

25、 because opinions change.Section A Pre-reading Task1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set?This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot,

26、 a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered th

27、e Mandelbrot set?Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim.4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrots claim of discovery?Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the se

28、t at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrots efforts but also helped to guide them5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrots claim?Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his effort

29、s brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community. Section C Post-reading TaskLanguage in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函数 iterative function优先权之争 priority battle分形特征fractal properties有意义make sense以越来越小的规模重

30、复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理论 chaos theory季刊a quarterly journal数学界the mathematics community波纹线crisp lines会议公报proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape .b.

31、The shape can be subdivided in parts.c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity.e.g. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at lea

32、st approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called self-similarity.1) In addition to coining the term fractal to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as fractal dimensions and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lesson